Psychology Ch 6 Answer to Study Guide

Chapter 6: 1. From an operant conditioning perspective, it is important for parents to â€Å"catch kids being good† and praise them. In operant condition we learn based on the action and consequence. For example, parents tell their kids to clean their room. Then when they clean up their room, we give them candy or money. Another example would be when parents see their children or pets doing something good without having to tell them, in result they reward them. Children will soon do it all the time on their own. This is so difficult to do because after a while they will always expect a reward or praise after doing something good. 2.A normal fear of mines our be my fear of dogs. I consider it a normal fear because my neighbor use to always get a pit-bull and they would always get loose whenever he wasn’t at home. So we couldn’t go outside or do anything fun. For example, one day we miss school one morning because the dog was loose and my sister and I was afraid it would attack us. A fear of mines that I think is a phobia is Arachnophobia and Astraphobia. The fear of spiders and lightning. I really don't remember how I develop these fears, but every time I see a spider I run the opposite direction. When it lightning I do not go outside or in a room with lots of windows.However, I do remember how I develop my fear of dogs. When I was little my grandmother use to say if you be bad that dog is going to bit you. At this time my uncle was staying with my grandmother and he had two big dogs that was supposal harmless. 3. I agree that all this talk about the negative effects of violence on TV and in video games is an over reaction. Parents should monitor what their children are expose to. Simply, because the violence they see can lead some people to think and believe that its okay do the same thing in real life. The video games that they play only make them more curious.For example, my mom would tell us not to disobey my grandmother while she was wa y at work. So my sister and brother would wait until our grandma would fall asleep to watch what we wanted to. My mother had told us not to watch so much TV, because most of the TV shows had violence and a lot of other things she didn’t want us to be watching or hear. So my brother decided not to listen and watch and practice what he saw on tv. On day my mother caught him practicing what he saw and hear. Chapter 11 Journal 4. The most dominant part of my personality is my ego. The ego because based on Freud examples in the book and his explanation.Pushing myself to do something like the ID. Instead of, feeling guilty and tell myself not to think of it anymore. Um like the ego, always have a plan in case something goes wrong. Especially when I do something wrong. I mostly experience neurotic anxiety, according to Freud. Freud Wald says, I develop neurotic anxiety when my id gets out of control and my ego cant help it. I have no control over my id. 5. One time I was babysitting my two little cousin. I knew I wasn’t suppose to take them out and let them watch a scary movie. I figure they was already sick and it saw very cold outside and raining.In this situation I used my id and developed moral anxiety. After that they had caught pneumonias and I felt really guilty. Behaviorist would new this event as an experience and next time I would do it again. 6. The behaviorist and social learning theories is the theory of personality from this chapter that better explain my personality. I say this because their behavior is determine. Our personality structure is based on habits and expectances and our barriers to personal growth is an maladaptive habits, and unhealthy environment. Chapter 13 Journal: 1. If I was suffering from a major depression, I would consider taking an anti-depression.Because I would like to feel normal, and not so depress all the time. Plus, major depression can create suicide thoughts. Yes, if I was a diabetic or having a heart or live r problems. I would take medications for these conditions. I really don’t know about this one but probably because the others issues can cause more serious problems and we wouldn’t really know when our brains are broken. 2. Yes, we can expect that the incidence of schizophrenia to risk. I say this because according to the book, it says that one of the cause of schizophrenia environment.In environment, the problem is the victim has been expose to violence, sexual abuse, death, divorce, separation. Which mostly comes from dysfunctional families. But not everyone that are exposed to these living conditions will be schizophrenia. 3. I feel that it is a good idea to force mentally ill homeless people into an institutional setting and treat them for their own good even if they refused the treatment. Simply because they can hurt themselves and others around them. No one should want or let someone who post a harm to themselves and others around them to wondering around.

Counseling Religious Clients

Different populations require different approaches in counseling. Counseling is a mean of attending to a person’s situation or condition using techniques, systems and approaches that differ among the groups of individuals. For instance, a raped teenager should be counsel in a different way as a homeless teenager. Conversely, African-American clients should be treated in a unique way as the Asian clients (cited in Miller, Leukefeld & Jefferson, 1994; Cook 1993). Nevertheless, just like the other populations, religious clients have unique characteristics and experiences that need a unique counseling approach.Likewise, religious clients have also unique needs for their mental health care. However, unlike the common people being counseled, religious people have sets of belief systems and values that, for a number of conditions, may interfere to the counseling program being implemented to them (Carpenter, 2003). In order to practice professionalism and ethics, counselors behave leg ally, morally and ethically. They are aware that they can only win the client’s trust and secure client’s protection by practicing high level of professional conduct (APA Ethics Code, 1992, 18).Principle D, Respect for People’s Right and Dignity, as stated in the Ethical principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct highlights: Psychologists are aware of cultural, individual, and role differences, including those due to age, gender, race, ethnicity, national origin, religion, sexual orientation, disability, language, and socioeconomic status. Psychologists try to eliminate the effect on their work of biases based on those factors, and they do not knowingly participate in or condone unfair discriminatory practices (1992).Counselors take into consideration the client’s personal and cultural background before deciding on the assessment instrument that he will be using in the counseling process (APA Ethics Code, 1992, 11). One of the characteristic-factors that should be checked is religion. There are no religion restrictions in the counseling activity. Nonetheless, from among the mentioned factors or clients’ considerable backgrounds, religion—the foundation of people’s moral and faith—is the most controversial.The Code of Ethics of 2005 by the Governing Council of the American Counseling Association gives light to the five overlapping ethical principles that guide the counseling practices with religious clients. The principles that can be applied focus on the counseling relationship, freedom of choice, confidentiality and privacy in counseling process, professional responsibility, and evaluation, assessment and interpretation. Counseling Relationship In counseling, clients may have diverse cultural backgrounds.In order for the counselor to practice good counseling, he must need first to understand the cultural identity that each of his clients possesses. Section A. 2. c of the Code of ethics states that à ¢â‚¬Å"counselors communicate information in ways that are both developmentally and culturally appropriate. † Counselors must deal with clients in the most culturally appropriate way. The counselor’s approach to a religious client depends highly on the knowledge he or she has about the culture and religion of the client.People restrict their thinking on the concepts of races and ethnic groups when dealing with culture—yet this broad concept also includes the religious groups. As cited by Gardner, in the 1992 edition of Counselor Education and Supervision authored by Pate and Bondi, â€Å"the term culture includes religious beliefs and practices and that religion is understood to be intimately tied to ethnic identity† (1996). From this, in understanding the values of the religious clients, the counselor takes into consideration an approach that is culturally motivated.Freedom of Choice In the macro-perspective of culture, one reason for the disagreement, dif ference or dissonance between the counselor and the religious client, is the values and belief systems of the client which for the counselor, are inappropriate. There are set of beliefs that the religious clients have, that may intervene in the counseling process. â€Å"Clients have the freedom to choose whether to enter into or remain in a counseling relationship and need adequate information about the counseling process and the counselor† (Section A.2. a, 2005). Part of this principle is the right of the client to know the counselor’s values and beliefs, especially if these values may result to the restriction of the counselor’s range and ability to conduct the counseling process due to the conflicting views and beliefs between the religious client and the counselor. If this is so, clients should be given freedom to look and choose another counselor that has similar or directly related values with that of his (client). Confidentiality and Privacy in Counseling ProcessGetting the clients’ trust is one of the goals of the counselors. To achieve this, establishing and upholding boundaries, and maintaining confidentiality are given high considerations. Section B. 1. a states that â€Å"counselors maintain awareness and sensitivity regarding cultural meanings of confidentiality and privacy; counselors respect differing views toward disclosure of information† (2005). It is very crucial for the counselors to give respect and show sensitivity to the culture of the religious persons they counsel.Inquiry is important before the counselor acts on whether or not to disclose the information derived from counseling the religious client. Professional Responsibility â€Å"Counselors practice only within the boundaries of their competence, based on their education, training, supervised experience, state and national professional credentials, and appropriate professional experience† (Section C. 2. a, 2005). Understanding religious cli ent means having an adequate learning and understanding of their cultural beliefs, attitudes, and behavioral patterns.If the counselor can achieve this, then, it will be easier for him to understand the condition of his client. Moreover, for the success of the counseling process, the counselors should gain appropriate knowledge, awareness, sense of sensitivity, and skills relevant to the activity of working with the population of diverse backgrounds. Without good milieu and specialized training, the counselors who treat religious clients may neglect their condition and situation.With better understanding of the set of beliefs of the client, the counselor will be sensitive and intelligent enough to know what approach is to give the religious client. Evaluation, Assessment and Interpretation As summarized in Section E. 3. a of the Code, for the achievement of the goals, the counselors consider the client’s background in terms of his personal and/or cultural identity, his abilit y to understand the results based on his beliefs, and his possible reaction or the impact of the results to him.Moreover, â€Å"counselors recognize the effects of age, color, culture, disability, ethnic group, gender, race, spirituality, sexual orientation, and socio-economic status on test administration and interpretation, and place test results in proper perspective with other relevant factors† (Section E. 8, 2005). This is a process—first; the counselor needs to consider what counseling program is applicable to the client given sets of standards. Second, the counselor weighs all contributing factors to the possible outcome before considering results.Third, the results will be interpreted depending on the accuracy of the outcomes. Furthermore, Section A. 5. a says that â€Å"counselors avoid actions that seek to meet their personal needs at the expense of clients. † This concept, when applied to religious clients, means that the counselor must be aware of hi s or her personal opinion about the religious issues that may lead to certain reactions and overreactions—causing emotional harm to the client. Working with Religious Clients On his article, Gardner enumerated some ethical guidelines on how to work with religious clients.First, therapy in the context of evangelistic activities that promotes particular political and spiritual ideology and worldview must be avoided. Second, in the attempt to change some of the beliefs of the client that have direct effect on his or her disorder, the counselor must try to narrow down the approach and inform the client on the program he wants to implement. Third, a help from other professionals is better if dealing with the religious issue of the client is quite difficult to comprehend and accept.Fourth, counselors must try to include and integrate the religious beliefs of the client with the treatment she or he is undertaking. References American Counseling Association. (2005). ACA Code of Ethic s. Retrieved June 19, 2008, from http://www. counseling. org Carpenter, D. (2002). Ethical Considerations in Working with Religious Clients. Retrieved June 19, 2008, from Gestatalt-Global Corporation website: http://www. g-gej. org/1-2/religious_clients. html Gardner, J. N. (1996). Ethical Issues in Counseling Religious Clients. Retrieved June 19, 2008, from http://www. g-gej. org/1-2/religious_clients. html

The future has begun Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The future has begun - Research Proposal Example Moreover, the process that food goes through when in the farm also determines on their quality. Natural nutrients for plants and animal produce the healthiest food for human beings. The use of chemical to enhance growth contributes to unhealthy effect when people consume such products. Underwood argues that the process of producing better beef have a cost to consumers. He says that Bryan Gilvesy beef is not just a beef like other, but a lean, tender and clean beef (Underwood). Underwood discusses the life of Bryan Gilvesy as an experienced farmer. He has worked in his farm for more than 15 years taking care of his longhorn cattle’s which have a diverse breed that overcome diseases and feed on a variety of plants. Moreover, the cattle’s do calve with minimum human interference. Therefore, the way into the future is likened to the work of producing good quality beef that have healthier nutrient that increases the nutrient taken by human

Female Bloggers Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Female Bloggers - Assignment Example She has been on the blog since August 2004 and has had over 50, 000 profile views but the blog entries stop in September 2010. The blogger writes about her personal experiences and expresses her thoughts, views, and concerns about her family, friends and constantly gives an update about the situation in Iraq. This is a traditional blog as opposed to a news blog. Her journey begins as a new wife of an Iraqi man and she takes us through the changes she experiences over the course of six years. She also writes about her experiences of being a mother and gives detailed accounts of her visits to her motherland i.e. Iraq. In her last entry, she has thanked all her fans and discloses her permanent shift to the United States. She says that the new beginning of her life in the United States would not allow her to communicate via the blog and thus breaks the news of stopping any further blog entries (Neurotic Iraqi wife). She has a good writing style and articulates her thoughts well. It is very informal and there is no use of technical jargon which makes it easy to read. Her ideas are consistent, while her writing is coherent and fluent. Often when telling a story, she makes use of â€Å"anadiplosis†. This is when the same word or words are used at the end of a sentence and the beginning of a new one. She makes good use of this technique when she wants to grab the attention of the reader and overemphasize something. This example can be found in the following sentence where she writes â€Å"Today after all these years I stopped asking. I stopped asking †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..† (Neurotic Iraqi wife). The blog has a background image of a woman standing in a mosque. The subtle brown color of the blog coupled with the light gold imprints of the writings gives it a very surreal touch. It is aesthetically pleasing to the eyes.  

Connection of the lamb to the slaughter and real life story of using Speech or Presentation

Connection of the lamb to the slaughter and real life story of using food as a weapon - Speech or Presentation Example The story was about Mary Maloney who was pregnant and learned through her husband Patrick’s behaviors and subtle language that he will leave her. Then she offered to prepare the dinner for her husband Patrick where he refused because he is going out. And when he stared out of the window, Mary Maloney mindlessly strike him at the back of his head and killed her husband Patrick. After which, Mary realized the horror of what she did that she just killed her husband. Thoughts raged through her head and she realized that she cannot go to jail to spare her child. She pondered then what should she do to get away with murder and concluded that she has to make an alibi so that she will not be implicated with the murder of her husband. She went to a grocery store as an alibi and talked to people to indicate that she is out of the house when her husband Patrick was killed. She went back home and acted surprise and called the police to report the murder of her husband. When the police arr ived and investigated, they never suspected that it was in fact Mary who killed her husband with the frozen lamb leg. Worst, Mary offered the lamb to the policemen that she was supposed to cook for her husband Patrick. The policeman then ate the very weapon that they are looking for that could identify the murderer of Patrick Maloney. Thus in this narrative, the lamb or the frozen lamb leg to be specific was connected to slaughter of Patrick Maloney by being the tool of murder that the policemen were made to ate. The lamb however was more than the weapon of slaughter in this story. It is symbolic that even those seemingly harmless things can become a weapon of slaughter. It bears to ask why did Roald Dahl use frozen leg lamb? Why not beef’s leg or pig’s leg which are bigger? It is because lamb symbolizes meekness and harmlessness which could fool people such as the police who were made to eat the lamb which was the weapon that they were looking for. Who would have thou ght in the first place that a lamb could be used as a weapon to kill? Not only that it is harmless as an animal but also delectable as a food. This concept of using seemingly harmless things such as food as weapon is no longer new. Throughout history food has been used as a weapon to kill enemies because again, food looks so harmless in addition to a necessity that we all have to eat. Thus, foods are weaponize by adding poison to them so that they could kill the unsuspecting enemy. The type of poison that can be added is wide ranging that can include anything from adding to bacteria, virus and chemical compounds to make the foods that is supposed to nourish to become lethal and deadly. The modern use of food as weapon may no longer be as a batting tool to strike its victim just like Mary did to her husband Patrick. For one, it is impractical to freeze a lamb leg just for it to be used as a weapon. Second, assuming that it has been frozen, it cannot stay hard for a long time to remai n as a weapon. And if indeed it will be used as a weapon, it is ineffective as a dangerous weapon. It may have killed Patrick in the short of Roald Dahl’s "Lamb to the Slaughter" but it may not have been intentional and could be more of an accident. Mary did not plan to murder her husband but perhaps as a mindless reaction when she learned that her husband Patrick will leave her. But it illustrated how food can become inconspicuous when used as a weapon. We can only hope that the use of food as a

Diversity in Later Life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Diversity in Later Life - Essay Example And I do believe that I can do every challenges with a smile on my face, like my career is doing well so far. Expand my business hopefully. Fulfilling and stable job, to have a home to call my very own as well as to acquire enough resources to sustain my family's needs and wants. My family, and Peace in all societies. Better life for my children Studies. Diversity in Later 2 Participant A Participant B Participant C Participant D Participant E Participant F 5. Felt Needs 1 - A stable job, 2 - A better married life; 3 - Own car & house. 1 - A progressive business. 2 - Safety of my family. 3- Peaceful environment. 1 - A fulfilling & stable job, 2 - A home to call my very own, and; 3 - A sufficient resources to sustain family's needs and wants. 1-Stable work. 2-Healthy family. 3-Success of my children. 1-More achievements in work. 2-Better health for my family. 3-Harmonious relationships. 1 - First is to graduate in College soon. 2 - Second is to pass the board exam and; 3 - have a job that can give me bigger salary . 6. Satisfaction 1-Financial Gains 2-Career 3-Health 4-Community Projects 1-Career 2-Health 3-Community Projects 4-Financial Gains 1-Health 2-Career 3-Community Projects 4-Financial Gains 1-Career 2-Financial Gains 3-Health 4-Community Projects 1-Health 2-Community Projects 3-Financial Gains 4-Career 1-Financial Gains 2-Health 3-Career 4-Community Projects 7. General Concern Global Crisis. I'm worried about the economic aspects of every family. Health. It is important. H1N1/Health. It's a serious... This paper highlights the general needs and satisfaction of middle age adults at this point of their lives, as compared to other age groups. Below is a tabular presentation of information regarding the various needs, satisfaction and general concerns of individuals (in different age groups); the sample interview guide employed in data collection is appended (Please see Appendix A). That data of each participants represent the diverse needs, satisfaction and general concerns in the various aspects in life. Middle adulthood seems to be the "prime time" in terms of creating achievements and vast contribution in an individual's life. Most of them are already in the "family life stage". In the above presented table, middle age individuals (highlighted portions) generally depicted a life that goes beyond the need of oneself or which is simply not "self-centered". Middle age individuals (Participants B,C,D & E) verbalized about their responsibilities and obligations which are more focused on their children, families and the society. It can also be noted that as compared with other age groups, their needs are more into the career, family and a little of what they can do for others or the community. Obviously, middle age respondents' diverse needs, satisfaction and general concerns are somehow impacted their socio-economic conditions.

Branding makes differences Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Branding makes differences - Essay Example It should be an explicit expression of the value any product is really capable of delivering to a customer (Hand 2010, p. 6). It should aim at advocating a product as it really is to increase the number of loyal customer. In this context, graphic designing is worth mentioning because a standard image with powerful visuals is always required to promote a brand which is all branding is about. Branding can create a lot of difference by actively using the option of riveting graphic design in an increasingly globalized world (Anttiroiko 2014, p. 66). A large body of research explores this critically important relationship between branding and graphic design. It is suggested that graphic design is a very important ingredient that can create an extreme brand obsession or strong religious faith for a product (Cooke 2010, p. 74). General consensus is that though it can be a very daunting process, one demanding humongous lot of creativity, to come up with a genuine and riveting logo and mix it up with just the right amount of design charm, but to witness one’s creativity high up on a billboard is a very impressive feat for a brand designer. In the case of a product like body spray, sales can be improved by more than 100% if a new design is created which introduces a sassier graphic solution that is eye-catching and very tactfully â€Å"targets the younger, fashion-conscious, trend-led customer† (Ambrose & Harris 2011, p. 18). It is also the job of a graphic designer to come up with exciting ways of â€Å"interacting wi th different forms of media† (Davis & Baldwin 2005, p. 8). So, graphic design is also about communication, to convey the meaning or image of a brand to the world. Graphic designers can very much add new values to a culture as they strip them of their indigenous values â€Å"on behalf of globalising corporations† (Barnard 2013, p. 1967). To begin designing a brand image,

Modelling Human Activity Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Modelling Human Activity Systems - Essay Example Knowledge management is particularly important in the case of multinational corporations which have the additional task of communicating efficiently between its units and in order to communicate better, knowledge management is essential. Knowledge of aspects outside of the organization as well as knowledge within the organization are both very important aspects of knowledge (Senge, 1990 ; Nonaka and Takeushi, 1995). Multinational corporations usually face a problem of cultural differences among its different units, which might cause many problems in the overall performance of the organization. The problem resides in the fact that it is very difficult to unite all the different cultural backgrounds into one organizational culture. To put it in a different way, different cultures have different views and goals and the organization needs to have the staff as well as the senior management focusing on one goal. The suggested solution to this problem is the cultural adaptation human activity system and the information system that serves it which is expected to resolve the problems initiated by cultural differences. A system that (X) allows workers from different cultures to adapt to the needs of the organization by means of (Y) Informing them about the required adaptations and the methods of achieving them in order to (Z) overcome cultural difficulties of the organization and improve productivity of all different subsidiaries. The cultural adaptation Information System (IS): A system to (X) inform the workers of different cultures about the adaptations needed and the method of achieving them by means of (Y) gathering and sharing information about each culture and the adaptations needed to suite the needs of the organization (Z) Allow workers from different cultures to adapt to the needs of the organization. CATOWE: C: QES staff. A: QES management. T: Achieve the adaptations of staff with different cultural views to suite the needs of QES. O: QES senior management. W: A multinational organization usually faces many challenges as different cultures evoke contradictions in management. E: Staff coming from different cultural views. Root definition: A QES owned system (O) in a multinational organization functioning within different cultures (E) to achieve the adaptations of staff with different cultural views to suite the needs of QES (T) by means of informing workers from different cultures with the adaptations needed and methods of achieving it. This transformation will be carried out by QES management (A), and affects all the staff of QES (C). What makes this an important move is that a multinational organization usually faces many challenges as different cultures evoke contradictions in management (W). Conceptual Model: Measures of System Performance or MOP for the system: Efficacy: Addresses the question; to what extent is the system successful at adapting the staff from different views to the same goal and vision of the organization, and to answer this question staff from different countries can be interviewed to see to what extent they are adapting to suite the need

Q8 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Q8 - Essay Example Thirdly, the implementation budget generally does not contain adequate provision for funds and an impractical schedule for implementation may be set up. Unless adequate time is provided for the completion of each task, the result will be insufficient attention to detail and tasks that are completed carelessly. (Goldband, 2008). Another reason why ERP systems fail is the failure to provide staff members and employees with adequate training to handle the systems, leaving it all to the IT people. One example of such a failure is Cosworth, the race car manufacturer. This company had implemented a range of software solutions, but they did not function effectively because of the lack of integration of systems meant that information could not be easily accessed.(CIBER, 2005). In this instance, the failure was caused by the use of the wrong tools as well as a failure to train its employees and staff adequately in their use. In the case of Jada Precision Plastics, initial ERP tools were not successful, because it provided pre-packaged solutions. It was only after implementing the IQMS ERP software which allowed for data entry and manipulation that they achieved success. 2. Investment in ERP systems must be fuelled by business justification rather than technology motivation. As Goldband(2008) has pointed out, most businesses simply want to switch over from legacy systems and feel that implementing an ERP systems means that the computer technology will miraculously take care of everything. But the motivation and method in introducing an ERP system must be on the basis of the existing business processes and the needs that have been identified, so that the best ERP software can be chosen that most closely matches the existing processes. Choosing an ERP process merely on the basis of introducing technology may fail, unless the needs of the business processes are also taken

The total cost of ownership Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The total cost of ownership - Coursework Example According to the research findings, it can, therefore, be said that anti-dumping costs, for example, are associated costs that the government wants the consumer to meet based on the suitability and the usability of a product. The government argues that importing an electronic into the country increases the cost of cleaning up the environment since after using the product a consumer is likely to dump the same in the country. Coupled with the countervailing duties, the cost of importing a product into the country thus increases significantly. The total cost of ownership depends on various factors and includes numerous elements of a transaction. These include the cost associated with the pre transaction the transaction and post transaction. The three are vital and have numerous undertakings all of which have financial implications thus contributing to the total cost of ownership. Such costs as the cost of qualifying sources, the price of the product, transportation costs and follow up a nd correction costs are some of the basic costs whose values contribute to the cost of ownership. Additional factors that increase the total cost of ownership especially for global supply chains are duties levied by the government. Import duties are levies that a government attaches to every product that enters the country. Such are important taxes that coincidentally increase the cost of doing business thus raising the total cost of ownership.

Religious Differences in the Early New England Colonies Essay Example for Free

Religious Differences in the Early New England Colonies Essay New England Colonies were established by people who were exile because of their religious beliefs, Most were known as separist. Most wanted to escapes and break free from the Anglican Church which was also known as the Church of England. They wanted the freedom to worship God in their own way. Yet, they however did not want to extend the freedom to everyone. Those who wanted to â€Å"purify† the Church of England were known as the puritans. They believe the Church of England was too similar to the Catholics in structure and ceremony. The puritans specially were intolerant to those who did not believe in their beliefs. The puritans were known as the non separists, the separists were people who wanted to completely break free from the Church of England. Also there was a group called the Antinomians in which Anne Hutchinson and her supporters opposed to the rule of law. The Quakers whom believed that they did not need to learn from ministry, since one person’s interpretation of the scripture was as valid as anyone else’s. It was religions such as these and others that caused different people to break free and go to different parts of the New World so that they can be free to practice their beliefs, In the new world most were able to practice their own beliefs while yet some were exiled, driven out, or accepted into their colonies. Regardless of which, religion was the common factor for people leaving the old world and forming New England Colonies in the New World.

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 Essay Example for Free

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 Essay Today we will be discussing the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 or HIPAA. As some or most of you may know HIPAA was enacted by the federal government in 1996 and by definition is a federal law that mandates insurance portability and sets up procedures for electronic data exchange (Austin Wetle, 2012). This law’s purpose is to protect patients privacy, none of a Patient’s Health Information (PHI) is to be used or released without the patient’s consent. HIPAA is superior to state laws, so that no matter where the patient lives they are protected. The only time HIPAA is not superior to state law is if the state law has a higher standard, as in keeping an account of disclosures for eight years rather than the six required by HIPAA law we would follow the state law in this case. Key factors that all health care employees should know about HIPAA are as follows. Who is covered by HIPPA? Health care providers, clearinghouses, and health plans that are compelled to protect PHI for oral, paper, and electronic communications (Harman, 2005) are all covered by HIPAA. Another key factor about HIPAA is, knowing what information is protected and what is ok to be disclosed. PHI is not to be disclosed unless the patient gives their consent, anything with personal identifiers is off limits, demographic data, past, present and future health conditions, provisions of care and past, present, or future payment information (U. S. Department of Health Human Services, n. d. ) are all protected. Information that can be disclosed is called de-identified health information, information without any identifying factors. The only required PHI disclosures are to the patient if they request it. If a facility fails to abide by the laws they will be fined. Any person who obtains or discloses identifiable PHI can face a criminal penalty of up to $50,000 and up to one year in prison (U. S. Department of Health Human Services, n. d. ) the person will likely be terminated from their position as well. These regulations effect the management of employees, patients, resources, and ealth care because everyone needs to be trained in HIPAA practices and know the laws and regulations. Patients need to understand and sign consent forms and be made aware of what their rights are through the policy. One could say HIPPA makes for more paperwork; however it is crucial to protect our patient’s privacy and the relationship with our outside resources. Once completely understood by all of the staff, and patients everyone will understand how valuable HIPAA really is.

Carbonic Anhydrase: Structure, Mechanisms and Functions

Carbonic Anhydrase: Structure, Mechanisms and Functions INTRODUCTION Carbonic anhydrase, abbreviated as CA, is the first identified zinc containing enzyme, (CA; carbonate hydro-lyase, EC 4.2.1.1) It is an enzyme that catalyzes the reversible hydration and dehydration of carbon dioxide to form carbonic acid, bicarbonate ions and protons. Being one of the fastest enzyme known, it is believed that one molecule of CA can process one million molecules of carbon dioxide  per second. The basic molecular structure of CA includes specific amino acid threonine 199, glutamate 106, histidine 64 and histidine residues namely His 93, His 95, and His 118. The mode of regulation of CA is being inhibited by various medically prescribed substances that act as non competitive inhibitors, an example is Acetazolamide. CA plays a major key role in the fluid balance and regulatory of pH in different parts of the body thus, Mutation of this enzyme may lead to several diseases.(1) CARBONIC ANYHYDRASE THE START: Breathing, a fundamental function in life The air that we breathe in has some valuable oxygen, an important molecule wherein it helps the breakdown of fats and sugars in our cells. From the blood, oxygen diffuses then binds with the hemoglobin to be transported in the cells of our body. A by product of sugar and fat breakdown in cells is called Carbon dioxide CO2). It is a key metabolite in all living organism and it needs to be removed from our body. Carbon dioxide is diffuse out of the cells and transported in the blood in different ways to get to the lungs. CA is transported in numerous forms, mainly as bicarbonate, HCO3-. Bicarbonate is a CO2- with an attached OH group. When the HCO3- reaches the lungs, it is transformed back to a CO2, so it can be exhaled from the body. The conversion of bicarbonate to carbon dioxide facilitates its transport into the cell; while the conversion of carbon dioxide to bicarbonate assists trap the carbon dioxide in the cell. This interconversion of carbon dioxide and bicarbonate develop at a slow physiological pH hence organism tend to produces an enzyme to hasten the process. This enzyme responsible for the speed up interconversion, which can be found in the red blood cells, is called carbonic anhydrase. Although the interconversion of bicarbonate to carbon dioxide can happen without the enzyme, CA can great increase the rate of the conversions up to a millions of fold. (2) STRUCTURE The CA molecule in general has ellipsoidal shape with the estimated dimension 4.1 x 4.1 x 4.7 nm. The active site is situated in a cavity having an approximately conical shape. The cavity is assessed 1.5 m wide at the way in and about 1.6 nm deep attaining almost the center of the molecule. The zinc ion is next to the peak of the cone and liganded into 3 imidazole groups. Taken as a whole, the CA is composed of 10-stranded anti-parallel beta-sheet enclosed with various elements of other secondary structure. The 6 alpha-helices and 10-beta sheets make up the secondary structure of carbonic anhydrase. The basic function of CA is basically to regulate the oxygen and carbon dioxide content of the blood that is needed in a human body. As the function suggests, the chemical structure of CA extremely lies with the presence of zinc that lies deep within its active site. Its common amino acid composition includes threonine, glutamate and histidine. The specificity of these 3 amino acids (threonine 199, glutamate 106, and histidine 64) plays a critical role in relation to the presence of zinc by charging it with a hydroxyl ion. The zinc cation is associated with three histidine residue protein backbone namely: His93, His95, and His118. As stated, zinc plays a major role in the reaction of CA. The zinc present in the active side of CA is being bound to water to be able to dissociate it into a proton and hydroxyl ion. The hydroxyl ion is being stabilized by the positively charged zinc, in this way; the hydroxyl ion is being prepared to attack the carbon dioxide inside the RBC. A closer look with CA can be seen in the figure below where the amino acid chains in the active site together with the zinc are evident. The role of the zinc basically includes the command of directional transfer of the bound hydroxyl to the carbon dioxide to be able to form bicarbonate ion. From the figure, it shows that the intermediate structure where the bicarbonate ion is still attached to the enzyme. The alanine replicated the side chain for amino acid 199 in this arrangement. Histidine 64 swings in the direction of and away from the zinc ion in every cycle of enzyme action although it is helping the zinc to recharge with a novel hydroxyl ion. The two locations of this residue, revealed in the bottom right figure, symbolize its movement throughout the action of enzyme. Almost immediately as the zinc is reloaded with an original water molecule together with the release of bicarbonate ion, the enzyme is set for another action on some new carbon dioxide molecule. (3) MECHANISM OF CATALYSIS The rate of catalysis of the CA is exceedingly pH dependent. It means that, the higher the pH, the catalysis is faster and as the pH reduces, the speed of the reaction falls down. The mean pH of this transition is near pH 7. (5) Figure 2.0 shows the mechanism of CA catalysis. A zinc atom which is generally bound to four or more ligands differs in CA. In CA, three locations are engaged by the imidazole rings of three histidine residues and an additional site is occupied by a water molecule. Thus the geometry form of the active site is tetrahedral. The zinc atom plays an important role in the mechanism of CA catalysis because it is responsible for the release of a proton H+ from a water molecule, which then generates a nucleophilic hydroxide ion. Then carbon dioxide substrate attaches to the enzymes active site and is situated to react with the hydroxide ion. The zinc-bound OH-  attacks the carbon of CO2  therefore converting it into a bicarbonate ion. This occurs since the zinc ion has the +2 charge, which attracts the oxygen of water. It then deprotonates the water, thus, converting it into a better nucleophile so that the newly converted hydroxyl ion can attack the carbon dioxide. After the nucleophilic attack of zinc bound OH-, addition of water molecule displaces the bicarbonate ion from the metal ion. The CA is then ready for another cycle of catalysis. (7) KINETICS OF REACTIONS CA inhibitors are class of pharmaceuticals that control the activity of carbonic anhydrase. It is inhibited by two classes of compounds, a metal complex forming anions and others are isosteres and sulfonamides. Inhibitors ionize upon binding with the enzyme to give way an NH- group that relocates the zinc hydroxide ions and shares a hydrogen bond. There are roughly 25 clinically used CA inhibitors as a drugs. It is mainly established as antiglaucoma drugs, diuretics, hypotensive agents, anticonvulsants, anticancer agents, antiepileptics, with additional use in the management of duodenal and gastric ulcers, osteoporosis and neurological disorder. (8) Acetazolamide Methazolamide Dorzolamide Topiramate Figure 3. Illustrations of some CA inhibitors (9) Figure 3.0 shows some CA inhibitors like Acetozolamide which acts as a mild diuretic. It cures glaucoma, altitude sickness, and some benign intracranial hypertension. Methazolamide treats glaucoma present in dogs which is called Open-angle glaucoma. While Topiramate which is a weak inhibitor, alleviate epilepsy, lennox gastuat syndrome and migraine headaches. And another CA inhibitor is the, Dorzolamide or sulphonamide which treat ocular hypertension or open-angele glaucoma. (10) CA activator regulates the proton transfer processes between the active site and the solvent system. It also binds at the entrance of the enzyme of the active site. One of the strong activator of CA is Histidine. Some amines and amino acids like l-Trp (tryptophan), l-Phe (Phenylalanine),  d-DOPA (D- 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine),  l-Tyr (Tyrosine), 4-amino-l-Phe also works as activators of CA. These CA activators are potentially target for drug development that can be useful as a derivative for the enhancement of synaptic efficacy which can be able to treat various conditions like, depression, alzheimers disease, ageing, spatial learning and memory therapy enhancer. (11) MODE OF REGULATION: Acetazolamide Inhibitor In case of excessive contents of CA in blood and peripheral areas of the lungs, proper regulation and inhibition is needed. Acetazolamide is a non competitive inhibitor that is effective in giving control with the catalytic reaction of the enzyme. This chemical complex substance is medically used o treat different conditions of moderate up to severe metabolic or respiratory alkalosis. Alkalosis may happen if excess CA is being reacted with the bicarbonate and carbon dioxide ions in the RBC, causing extreme absorption of bicarbonate thus giving the erythrocyte more basicity rather than having enough and sufficient pH level. Acetazolamide action is explained by interfering with bicarbonate (HCO3-) reabsorption in the kidneys, thereby giving enough acidity in the RBC, and further results to alkalinizing the urine. The action of inhibition results further to decreased synthesis of aqueous humor of the eye and causes the lowering of intraocular pressure. The interaction of Acetazolamide with CA does not occur with the active site, only close or remote to the active site. The net effect of this inhibitor basically changes the shape of CA that obviously leads to the inability of the substrate to bind properly, results to no catalytic reaction. (12) CARBONIC ANHYDRASE IN HEALTH AND DISEASE: Carbonic Anhydrase is found in numerous places in the body, including in the cerebro-spinal fluid, cytosol of some cells and mainly in the red blood cells. Since CA generates and utilizes protons and bicarbonate ions, it plays a major key role in the fluid balance and regulatory of pH in different parts of the body. Absence or mutation of the CA enzyme may lead to several diseases.  Also, CA inhibitor contributes to several treatments of diseases. One of the linked diseases of CA is the Osteopetrosis with cerebral calcification and renal acidosis. It is a syndrome deficient with CA in the body commonly called as Marble brain disease. This happens because sulfonamide inhibitor of CA can produce metabolic acidosis and have shown that CA inhibitors blocks the parathyroid hormone-induced the release of calcium bone which causes bone resorption. And since CA is present in the brain and CA inhibitors inhibits the production of cerebral spinal fluid, mutation of CA lead to cerebral calcification. Other disease associated with the deficiency of specific type of CAIII is the Myastenia gravis. It is an autoimmune neuromuscular disorder that results to a weak muscle of a person. Defects in CA IV can cause retinitis pigmentosa, a degeneration of retinal photoreceptor, which a patient experiences night vision blindness and loss of midperipheral visual. (13) Glaucoma, a condition wherein a build up of fluid in the eyes occurs and this presses the optic nerve that caused damage, is treated with the use of CA inhibitors like acetazolamide, brinzolamide, dorzolamide, and methazolamide. These inhibitors lessen the amount of fluid in the eye rapidly by 40% to 60% thus lowering the pressure inside the eye of a person with glaucoma. It now lessens the risk of optic nerve damage which promote vision loss. But prolong use of this drug affects the same enzyme in the tissue and may lead to kidney and liver damage The CA also plays an important role in the secretion of acid through the catalyzed hydration of excreted CO2 in the stomach lining which is mainly responsible in digestion of food. It helps to make pancreatic juice alkaline and our saliva neutral. In summary, CA performs different role and functions at their specific locations. (14)

Camille Paglias Rape and the Modern Sex War Essay -- essays research

Camille Paglia's Rape and the Modern Sex War Camille Paglia writes the article, Rape and the Modern Sex War, which is about young women being vulnerable in today’s society against rape and how feminism has mistakenly led women to believe that they aren’t in any danger. Paglia states her opinion to women because she believes â€Å"that women are vulnerable and should be aware of the pervasiveness of rape† (83) all the time. Rape has been around for hundreds of years and the effects it has on women are life long terrifying memories. Paglia speaks to women saying that they should be ready for these situations and not be with a group of guys alone, always be with other girlfriends, and learn to take feminism out of the picture and realize that women will always be in danger.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Paglia’s article, which I believe is a critical opinion informing women of her beliefs on sexuality, speaks mostly to college women and women in general because she believes that women should be prepared for sexual situations without consent in all circumstances no matter who they are. This is her first step in arguing her point of view on feminism, which I agree with. She wants her audience to see her point that a woman’s actions can also be held accountable in some rape situations. When a woman is by herself with a group of men getting drunk, she has put her own self in a very risky situation because she is drunk and has no control of herself and the likeliness of rape is very possible. Paglia believes that a woman should always have control of her actions all   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2 the time and not to blame men for it is biologically programmed in their heads that they hunt, pursue, and capture, and this is said throughout their sex history (83-84).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The second part of Paglia’s argument is how she thinks misinterpretations are the women’s fault and I disagree with this point because women can walk and talk just as men and are not always to blame for being the victim. Paglia believes that feminism doesn’t see that sexual desires can be seen in how we act which means that these desires throughout our body cannot always be verbally said and this is where the miscommunication between the two sexes causes a problem. She thinks that when a woman makes a mistake she should face t... ... an attitude,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   4 which is firm and not a self - pitying one, which many feminist women possess, Paglia states.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Paglia didn’t use any key terms or metaphors in her article, but she uses the word feminism many times showing that men and women have equal rights, but in truth this is not correct. Men and women have some equal rights, but women are looked on as a lower standard when compared to men, and I believe this will never change.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Paglia uses different examples throughout the story and puts her thoughts into an informative essay that explains that women should be aware of what they do and learn from their mistakes regarding opposite sexual tensions and that actions aren’t always spoken but are acted sometimes because of her belief that there is that implanted part of a man which can be dangerous, which Paglia thinks is just part of a man’s identity. When a woman realizes the subject of rape and feminism is not thought of, two identities can be identified and with self control and awareness both a man and a woman can have a relationship in which each partner takes full responsibility of his or her actions.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Macbeth: Witches Influence on Macbeths Decisions :: Free Macbeth Essays

Macbeth: Witches Influence on Macbeth's Decisions In the Shakespearean play, "Macbeth," the witches influence on how Macbeth made his decisions played a crucial part in contributing to his eventual destruction. The witches were trying to create chaos by prophesying to Macbeth in order to get him to act. They planted the seed of evil in Macbeth's head that grew to dominate his mind. But it was Macbeth who made the choices that determined his fate. He was not forced to kill Duncan nor any of his other victims. But after he murdered Duncan, Macbeth lost his sanity. The witches were easily able to control his mind. They made him believe that he was invincible, and then he willingly continued to fight when he knew that it would mean his doom. Macbeth's downfall was planned by the weird sisters, but it was Macbeth's own free will that lead him to it. The three witches called the weird sisters are the root of the problem that is the subject for this story. The weird sisters are creators of chaos by nature. They associate with evil spirits and obey them, and they are followers of the evil goddess, Hecate. In the play the witches, with their spells, plan the downfall of Macbeth. They cannot directly harm him themselves, so they tell Macbeth predictions for his possible future, in order to make him act on them. The witches tell Macbeth that he will become the thane of Cawdor and then king of Scotland. They poison his mind with these prophesies, making him greedy and bringing out the evil qualities in his soul. When the first of the promises is proven authentic, Macbeth then considers the idea of murdering Duncan for the first time. This is his first step on the journey to his demise, as the witches had planned. The three witches' plan succeeded, they had aroused the greed in Macbeth, allowing him to make the most important choice of the play - to kill Duncan. Macbeth does not easily make this decision. In fact, at first he decides against it, but, with the knowledge that he could be king, he could not help himself from considering it. After constant persuasion from Lady Macbeth, she and Macbeth finally made their decision. Lady Macbeth would load Duncan's attendants with liquor, and then, on Lady Macbeth's signal, Macbeth would creep into Duncan's chamber and slay him with his servant's weapons. This act surges Macbeth forward on the direct path to his destruction. Afterwards, when Duncan is discovered dead, Macbeth kills again when he murders the servants who were

Cops :: essays research papers

Except for a select few, most politicians are silent as the proverbial grave. In positions of power, they are powerless in the face of this civilized, legalized barbarity. They are Black politicians who possess only the office: none of the Power. They have nothing to say. They nave even less to do. Faced with the enormity of death, politics is notoriously silent when it really comes to protecting the people, or restraining the forces of the state: They don't run the police; the police run them into silent acquiescence. In an age of right-wing resurgence, and lock - 'em up, throw-away-the-key criminal justice policies, where are the voices of let the "punishment fit the crime?" How man voices arc clamoring for the death penalty? Where are the editorials calling for his prosecution "to the fullest extent of the law"? At best, there are feeble pleas that he be "suspended", or , at best, "fired". Didn't Donta Dawson lose whatever job he had? Doesn't everyone who goes to jail? From those who have made a career of being "tough on crime", this is one offense that they have all but ignored. For, it is not a crime when the cops kill-it is their JOB. Their job is legalized terrorism of the poor, the impoverished, the anti- established, the powerless. They are protectors of the raging class divide in America. If they behaved in the suburbs the way they did in the ghettoes, millions of Americans would be looking to revolution as the solution. In truth, they perform differently in different sections of society, for they perform different functions for different segments of society. What the brilliant revolutionary psychiatrist, Frantz Fanon once wrote of colonial Algeria, applies to oppressed societies all around the world, a world cut in twain; The dividing line, the frontiers are shown by barracks and police stations. In the colonies it is the policeman and the soldier who are the officinal, instituted go-betweens, the spokesmen of the settler and his rule of oppression... In the capitalist countries a multitude of moral teachers, counselors and "bewilders" separate the exploited from those in power. In the colonial countries, on the contrary, the policeman and the soldier, by their immediate presence aid their frequent and direct action maintain contact with the native and advise him by means of rifle-butts and napalm not to budge.

A Man for All Seasons by Robert Bolt Essay

When looking at the play, A Man for All Seasons, Richard Rich lied, cheated, deceived, hurt close friends and committed perjury to obtain his goal. He went from Attorney General of Wales to the Solicitor General, to the Secretary for Norfolk and finally to the Chancellor of England. Sir Thomas More, was very selfish towards achieving his own personal goals. He believed that if he went about everything the way God would have done it that he would reach heaven. In this process he managed to hurt his wife Alice, his daughter Margaret, and put his friends in awful positions. When every aspect is considered Sir Thomas More, evidently wanted eternal salvation and only really truly cared about him self. King Henry VIII was a man of power and intimidation. He did not let anything stand in his way. Cardinal Wolsey, was executed because he put up resistance toward the King, along with Bishop Fisher and Sir Thomas More. Any individual that caused a ripple in his path was executed. â€Å"Henry VIII, started with everything and squandered it all†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Bolt, vii). Henry VIII wants an heir for his thrown and no matter how many women he has to marry then divorce to get it that is his primary intention. Richard Rich, Sir Thomas More and King Henry VIII all use reprehensible means, which harm others in order to achieve their own personal goals and in the end are never justified. Sir Thomas More does not justify the pain and suffering he causes by trying to live a glorious life that will put him in heaven. More has a one-track mind. With this, his beliefs and values are very strong towards the way of God and the right and the wrong; but his actions are very self centered and selfish. When More, was asked his opinion on the matter of King Henry’s divorce he replied, â€Å"†¦As I think of it I see so clearly that I can not come with Your Grace that my endeavor is not to think of it at all†¦.There is my right arm. Take your dagger and saw it from my shoulder, and I will laugh and be thankful, if by that means I can come with Your Grace with a clear conscience† (Bolt, pg31). His pride and values get in the way of his loved ones future and outcome. More is acting the way his heart tells him but not the most beneficial way in his circumstance. King Henry is one who hates opposition or doubts and Sir Thomas More is giving him doubt and grief on not siding with him on this issue. With having the King on your bad side the chances of you living a good life or living at all is very slim. Also, More shows selfish acts when Margaret approaches him, while he is in his jail cell. â€Å"When a man takes an oath, Margaret he’s holding his own self in his own hands†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (pg.83) This shows his selfishness towards himself and his goal of going to heaven. He does not care about his life hear on earth or what he leaves behind he just wants what is best for himself. Hence, Sir Thomas More attitude toward his family’s life was very poor. By talking about the King and by not siding with him he threw his life and his families life out the window. For food he made Alice eat mutton and did not provide for his family. Also, by him thinking of resigning his position is another example of himself being selfish and not providing for his family. His selfish acts towards himself hurt his friends and his family and do not justify his means for eternal salvation. Firstly, Richard Rich does not justify his means by his ends at all. This man is a lying deceiving little man that will do whatever it takes to gain rank and power. His betrayal towards Sir Thomas More was very futile in Sir Thomas’s conviction. â€Å"I’ve lost my innocence.†(pg.44) Rich has just sold out information to Cromwell in order to move ahead in rank. From here on Rich is starting down a path that will lead to hurting a lot of people’s lives. Secondly, Rich betrayed More for obvious reasons. He wanted to get ahead in life but also, there was the taste of money that came along with it. â€Å"Every man has his price.†(pg.2) This is just showing again why Richard Rich keeps on hurting individuals. In life one will betray another for some benefit and this in it self is an example of Macchiavelli. Hence, when Rich took the stand in the court to persecute More he showed again his greed and will to not stop at any cost to get what he wanted. â€Å"He said, ‘Parliament has not the competence.’ Or words to that effect.† Rich was saying what he knew the King wanted to hear. He was committing perjury against More so that he could eventually move into the spot of Chancellor of England. With this being said it shows that his greed and lust could not justify Rich’s means for money and self-advancement. Lastly, King Henry VIII only lived and strived for power and for dominance over everybody in England. If anybody ever crossed his path they were executed and nothing was said about it. Henry liked to show everybody that he ruled and no one else. â€Å"No opposition I say! No opposition!†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (pg.33) King Henry is again showing More that his opinion on his divorce is not going to be taken lightly in any sense. Even though More is the Chancellor of England Henry is still pressing him to side with him on the matter and not the Pope. Also, Henry showed dominance over Margaret. The King always has to be the smartest and most powerful one among all. In this certain occasion when Margaret could speak better Spanish then Henry he was very defensive. Right away he asked her if she could dance her response was no. â€Å"Well I can dance superlatively!† (pg.28) Henry is trying to put her down for showing her dominance over him. Also, Henry always wanted to be in power of the Church of England. This was the only thing that he was not in full complete control of and he needed to be to divorce Catherine for Anne Boleyn. The only way he could do this is to kill Cardinal Wolsey and clear the path for his dominance. Catherine provided him with a daughter and without an heir to the thrown this marriage and his legacy would not work. â€Å"Queen on the throne of England was unthinkable.† (pg. Viii) The King had to have power over the Church of England because he would not receive a divorce if he did not receive a boy through Anne. Henry used intimidation to justify his goals and his means were not reasonable nor were his actions justified. With Sir Thomas More, Richard Rich and King Henry VIII all having their means not justify their actions it showed that they were all doing this for some self-advancement in life. So again clearly through points and quotes all three used reprehensible means which harm others, in order to achieve their own personal goals and in the end are never justified. Work Citied Bolt, Robert. A Man for All Seasons, Toronto: Irwin Publishing, 1963

Peace between Major Religions

Good morning e precise one(a), It has been know that any worships put on their differences and this can much lead to virtu entirelyy conflict. only, through out(p) my diction three religions consumes on recognize-in-idleness get out be Investigated and then eventu eithery a firmness of purpose leave alone be arrange to living tranquilityfully together. Christians, Buddhists and Muslims all in all have different carriages to achieving stop of mind some(prenominal) internally and externally and it is interesting to expose many of the similarities and comp be them. however, we have already commited our first differentiation between the religions their view on what stillness is and the origin of it.Peace Is a fundamental aspect of all the religions and fleetly Christians would non be able to bring home the bacon the 10 Commandments if pink of my John was not visualized through their actions. To love your neighbor as you love yourself requires you to love ev eryone and through comply and dignity this can be done. The source of relaxation in Christianity is Jesus himself as he bought peace to the world as he walked It. Jesus Is the peacemaker. Buddhism refers to peace as enlightenment, and the Buddha (a human prince) is the first man to r apiece enlightenment.Because Buddhism is about this occurrence it is often referred to as the religion of peace. Buddhists remember the source of peace is deep down everyone and that the Buddha teachings and government agencys will suspensor everyone find the way to enlightenment. These two faiths could soft live In peace with each early(a) entirely Muslims conceptualise that to tress a house of war to a house of peace requires Muslims to kill all the non-believers. Personally I believe that this is more or less pathetic and UN- passive or violent way to peace ever.The Muslims seek their peace pursuance in take ination from their source of peace, the Quern. As portrayed these already differ entiate and bring up multiple line of works that could cause conflict. It will soon become very evident that these religions all contradict themselves. every of the religions have their essential peace organizations and all of these organizations explore interrelations with other state outside of their religions. Some of the Christian organizations are SPEAK, Network of Christian Peace, Christian Peacemaker Teams UK and all the Christian churches.Muslim peace organizations include Muslims for Peace, MUNCH and Islamic Peace. I however find a problem with this, which will be explained soon. The Buddhist peace groups include Soak Kaki and Buddhist Peace Group, these 2 organizations are hard to give peace not however internally but pass it on to other and share their pacifistic thoughts. However if in Islamic countries they seek peace why do they rough toilsome people and killing them, this appears to be a very urn-peaceful method.For example when I was In Dublin an Islamic co untry one I got kicked out of the shops because my clothes were similarly revealing, the police said to me, get out of here or I will cut off your hand. I know hat the Muslim peace organizations truly need to spread quickly because I thought that the police was Just Joking, but no I saw 2 women without their hands. It Is UN- peaceful and doesnt show eternal love and care. Maybe these associations are seeking peace and priseing other people and their beliefs, but their religions as a I OFF All of the religions have their specific ways that they secure peace or become peaceful within.Firstly Christians have many ways to achieve peace but these have been paraphrased into a 6 step process 1) transform the New Testament and the gospels re the best place to start 2) ask to God, God will suspensor you collide with emotional and physical peace 3) turn back yourself from doing things you will regret, make sure to figure a bout your actions first. 4) Control your irritation some times some supposition or quiet time can champion with releasing anger, pains and irritations 5) Do not respond to insults 6) Try to make the people who surround you peaceful as well.I believe this is quite an effective and reasonable way to achieve peace within and around you. The Buddhist methods of achieving peace are relatively the said(prenominal) like controlling your anger. However the Buddhist community thrives on meditation and the Buddha taught that through meditation and chant peace will be found internally. Islamic steps to peace were hard to meet at first however by and by thinking about the method I believe it could be quite effective. They believe that if you come to peace with yourself the world around you will be at peace with you.Therefore they also do some smorgasbord of meditation and imagine peaceful non-chaotic places where they are free. Also another interesting hint was to pick up a paintbrush and some paint and paint peace. This could be excite and personal and therefore be very successful for individuals. In the history of all the religions there appears to be evidence of stories or allegorys that suggest peaceful actions within the religion. In Christianity I believe that the most peaceful fabrication is the story of The Good Samaritan.In this fabrication an ordinary Christian man is shown to help when others like the priest and a wealthy workingman dont. It shows genuine care for everyone and a form of peaceful treaty between Christianity and humanity. The parable of the Good Muslim is a parable that caches us that Allah is in ways the bringer of peace, In the name of Allah 1, the All- Merciful, the Ever-Merciful. All praise is collect to Allah, the Lord of the worlds. All Prayers and Peace of Allah be upon the Prophet saws 2. The last contrasting religion is the Buddhists who have quite a enchanting parable, which relates to achieving peace, it is called, The Proud Dung Beetle and the compile of Dung. It proves tha t everyone should be treated equally. It is shown throughout Buddhism that the Buddha, I. E. The prince didnt transport to be treated differently he wanted to be treated the same way as others. This bought to their community respect and no social class that seems to be a problem in current day society.All in all I believe a mutual friendly relationship and respect towards everyone especially people of a different religion. Respect is the key agent in establishing peace between all people. If everyone of opposing religions can respect others beliefs and worldviews I believe that a peaceful solution can be formed within the community. I speak to the Muslims now in saying that you dont have to be apart(predicate) of the violence in your religion, please palpate free to make your own decisions and by chance Join a peace

Bcom275 Legalization of Marijuana

Marijuana is actually a safer alternative.Alternately, the American Medical Association (AMA) does not support smoked marijuana as medicine (1995-2013).With such conflicting different opinions around this highly controversial drug, there are many questions to be answered in order to decide the steps the federal government can/should be made for a final resolution. Argument For Nearly one in ten Americans used marijuana in 2010; however, our nation spends over seven billion per same year to enforce the illegalization of this natural substance. A recent poll taken in 2011 shows marijuana has increasingly become the preferred particular drug for Americans.Medical marijuana is normally controlled via country regulations that may limit the selection of plants that late may be increased or the wide variety.Dr. Jeffrey Miron, an economics professor at Harvard University, completed a comparative study which determined the approximate cost of enforcing the illegalization of marijuana. The report estimates legalizing marijuana would save, â€Å"$7. 7 billion per year in government expenditure on enforcement of prohibition.

Many argue that marijuana is not any more dangerous than cigarettes logical and spirits and ought to be legalized.). The United States has been engaged in a losing battle against marijuana since the effective implementation of the Uniform Narcotic Act in the 1930s (Bonnie & Whitbread, n. d). We are not only wasting $7.So why Marijuana old has to be penalized.2 billion if it were taxed like alcohol or tobacco† (Cost of Illegalization of Marijuana, n. d. ). Marijuana is not addictive and has a stark contrast of addictive properties when pitted against the addictive characteristics of legalized tobacco logical and alcohol.

In the shape of pills, marijuana is prescribed to alleviate the nausea and vomiting that often accompany chemotherapy., para. 2). The IOM also observed cannabis withdrawal symptoms are rare and do not require acid substitution medicine to stop usage. When marijuana smokers cease consumption, the overwhelming majority do not experience uncomfortable withdrawal symptoms demanding re-initiating use of marijuana according to the IOM.Explain the method where the criminal chief justice system would affect.There are negative aspects of marijuana use, but as is there with coffee, soda, candy, alcohol, and tobacco. Americans need to revaluate old rhetoric from where marijuana was deemed evil and a gateway drug. The only reason marijuana could be considered a gateway new drug is because often time’s consumers are exposed to shady drug dealers on a substance deemed as illegal. If Americans opened their eyes logical and minds to see how much money and effort is wasted to fight a los ing first battle become aware of how much could be profited from the legalization of marijuana the decision is straightforward; marijuana should be legalized.

Legalizing marijuana free will add to the perception that marijuana isnt harmful and doesnt serve as a gateway new drug in many instances.According to the American Psychological Association, APA, addiction â€Å"is a condition in which the body divine must have a drug to avoid physical and psychological withdrawal symptoms† (2013). Unequivocally, marijuana affects learning and memory, both of which are function in the brain. With these affects to the growing mind it is flawed to think marijuana is non habit forming, which undoubtedly leads to withdrawal symptoms upon termination of use. smoke Marijuana is sex-inhibiting.Marijuana was banned for a long time in contrast.Furthermore, there is scientific evidence to support that long-term medical marijuana smoking alters the reproductive system. The gateway theory postulates the use of less harmful drugs (such as marijuana) early may lead to future risk of using more dangerous hard drugs. To test try this theory a group of r esearchers in Sweden administered rats the equivalent of the THC (the chemical found in marijuana delivering the â€Å"high†) in one joint to lab rats.After this administration of THC the rats were allowed direct access to heroin by pressing a lever.

When stopped and frisked, marijuana is for.Marinol, a synthetic version of the naturally occurring major component of marijuana, is a well accepted, well researched, and more effective treatment than marijuana (Kraus, 2007).This approved drug, like marijuana, late helps alleviate chronic pain, reduces chemotherapy-related nausea, and with HIV/AIDS treatment it helps with symptoms known as â€Å"wasting syndrome†. Many proponents of legalizing marijuana for these specific illnesses have not looked into marinol as a small safe alternative. As a matter of fact the only difference between marinol and marijuana is that marinol what does not stimulate the â€Å"high† associated with marijuana.Medicinal Marijuana is the ideal choice for treating PTSD.Marijuana is prohibited and it puts private individuals in circumstances where they are exposed to harder drugs, therefore if the FDA had regulations on marijuana, those many individuals would never have to be exposed to tho se situations. In regards to the effects of marijuana, such like a low sex drive, just like every medication whether it is over the counter or prescribed, there good will be side effects which will affect everyone differently. Marijuana has the ability to alleviate certain aliments such as nausea, and other types of pain.Some argue pharmaceutical drugs can combat the same aliments; however, they also come with side effects and may require additional medication to combat the onset of new symptoms.

The government would find a good deal of cash.7 billion dollars enforcing the prohibition of the substance is persuasive enough in based its self, as well as the potential revenue brought in by taxing the substance like good tobacco or alcohol. Keeping marijuana illegal is only keeping drug dealers in business. While common law enforcement continues to chase these petty drug dealers it is costing our taxpayers millions of several dollars to put and keep drug dealers behind bars.The legalizing of marijuana would benefit the economy greatly, therefor medical marijuana should be legalized.It shouldnt be able to tell folks what to do, as angeles long as they dont hurt others in their actions.This was believed to invite the spirits of the departed, purify the room, and encourage people to dance.Japan’s cultivation of Cannabis came to a halt at the lower end of World War II when allied forces occupied and began to help rebuild Japan. It how was America General Douglas MacArthu r and his colleagues who re-wrote the Japanese constitution in 1948 and mirrored many of the United States laws. MacArthur and his team created the Cannabis Control Act, which tightly controlled and illegalized the use of cannabis.

Decriminalization laws change from state to state.This ideal wishful thinking of marijuana has lead Japan to be one of the strictest laws and punishments compared to other developed countries. In 1993 a Disc Jockey from New York, Christopher Lavinger, was arrested and was sentenced to 16 months in prison and 35 days in solitary confinement after Japanese local police found 1. 5 grams of marijuana, 3. 5 grams of cocaine, and some LSD (Hays, 2009).Typically sure everyone has some kind of difficulty and smoking marijuana may offer help.The people would also great need education on their history of using cannabis within their ancient traditions and target one many high-profile figures to support the use of marijuana. Because of the strict laws and taboo views Japan what has of cannabis, it would be a hard road, but the understanding and education used properly, Japan could create new legislation that would override, or amend their constitution and current laws banning its use. Refe rences American Medical Association (AMA). (1995-2013).

It is harmful to your health.). American Psychological Association (APA). (2013). Retrieved from http://www.Legalization, on the side, means that theres no penalty whatsoever of the drug is completely legal.d. ). Retrieved March 24, 2013, letter from http://dbp. idebate.

Marijuana legalizations subject is growing more and more vital as 2016 brings nearer.d). The Forbidden Fruit logical and the Tree of Knowledge: An Inquiry into the Legal History of Historian of American Marijuana Prohibition. Schaffer local Library of Drug Policy. Retrieved from http://www.There are tons of reasons why It ought to be lawful.† Marijuana. Ed. Noah Berlatsky. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2012.

Its better to have a good look at the signs.Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 8 Mar. 2013.Lung cancer may be avoided by making use of a vaporizer.se/xmlui/handle/10616/38245? locale-attribute=en Food and Drug Administration (FDA). (2006). Retrieved from http://www. fda.

There arent any health benefits related to marijuana usage.Retrieved from http://factsanddetails. com/japan. php? itemid=664 Kraus, Mark L. â€Å"Legalizing Medical Marijuana Is Not a public Good Idea.Current Controversies. Rpt. from â€Å"The Dangers of Legalizing Medical Marijuana: A Physicians Perspective. † 2007.Marijuana use rising in U. S. , national survey shows. (2011).

Report: Males

GAC013 erudition II scientific Principles judging 1 scientific investigation & reputation way f all(prenominal) out 1 Do Males and Fe mannishs build variant Abilities When Estimating surface of it? disciple image Tracy Cheng learner ID SHSA19818 ground level5 teacher Shawn ascribable exit 10. 29. 2012 question hook2 universe.. 2 methodology . 2 Results.. 3 tidings5 termination References7 consider This authorship looks to look for the topic of doing antherals and egg-producing(prenominal)s harbour various abilities when estimating coat. The elevation that manlikes abilities to pre exd sizing ar to a greater ex disco biscuitt veracious than womanlys is hypothe coatd. To fire this possibleness, whatever measurable knowledge from the lucre and a serial publication of link query has been investigated. later put in the info in my study, the results of this comp ceaseium argue that males lead the to a greater ex go-spott con magnetic co remate abilities in surface estimating than female persons.Introduction In the indian lodge, male and female hit e precisewhere practically diversity, which is called informal Dimorphism in sociology and biology. such(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) differences be preciseally denotative in slightlywhat antithetical beas in the life, such as morphology, ornamentation, and behavior. The blind drunk of this musical theme is that analyzing around entropy to yield the incompatible abilities to see sizing for males and females, and nerve-wracking to catch what attains this hap composeed. Now, I would ilk to hypothesis the males abilities to aim sizing re distich than females. MethodologyFirstly, near discipline on the profit completionly males and females which kinds of pot raise figure coat faultlessly go out be rig. concord to the information, go males and decennary females allow be chose to nonplus them envision an tips ( composes , notebook computer computer computer computers or station) sizing. For contrary items, the both grammatical g shutdowner concourse whitethorn immortalise diametrical abilities in coat of it of it estimating. At the end of this look, data should be peaceful and raisevass by charts or some diametric slipway to equality the accuracies in coat estimating for males and females. ResultsThe estimationd distance of a drop a line by disposed(p) ex males and x females atomic number 18 turn upn in phone number 1. The existing continuance of this indite is 14. 5cm, which is orientn in count on 1 (a). agree to signifier 1 (b), females results take some to a greater ex decennaryt than comminuted metrical composition, such as 13. 5cm and 14. 8cm. Further much, the destine tax of the countd duration for males is 13. 2cm, and for females is 13. 82cm, which mint be seen clearly that the total estimating of females is to a greater extent(prenominal) cl ose to the exis decenniumt continuance than males. see to it 1 (a) the augurd distance of a pen by 10 males (b) the themed aloofness of a pen by go females. gameboard 1 shows the estimated surface of a twin of station by assumption ten males and ten females. The surface of the spot is European cadence in this seek, and certain sizing is 41. The mean pass judgment of the estimated size of it for males is 41. 7, and for females is 40. 9, and females progress to to a greater extent hi-fi estimating. Males estimating Females estimating 1 44 41 2 42 40 3 42 43 4 44 40 5 43 42 6 42 38 7 40 40 41 40 9 39 42 10 40 43 baseborn (rule out level best & lower limit jimmy) 41. 7 40. 9 material 41 41 Table 1 estimated size of a pair of situation by ten males and ten females. count on 2 reveals the firmament estimating for a notebook by cardinal masses from dickens genders. The real size of the chosen notebook is 446. 25 cm2. though calculations, the average o ut estimated size is 438 cm2 and 359. 25 cm2 for males and females, respectively. muchover, a a kindred nerve which be arrange in the source research (pen duration estimating) alike came out. Females estimating includes much detailed numbers like 454. 6, and males to a greater extent in all likelihood to estimate passing(prenominal) numbers, such as 400, three hundred and 600. sign 2 (a) the estimated size of a notebook by ten males (b) the estimated size of a notebook by ten females. word of honor From the original research, it butt end be effect that female is to a greater extent than diligent and straight (Figure 1), beca purpose females to a greater extent than seeming to conduct a more than than specific value and shows a more bonny heart.That roll in the hay overly be showed in mundane life, girls ever so be utter that do things much more diligent than boys in nearly cases (Women and workforce in the classroom 1985, p. Online). For instance, w hen a teacher has some flora for girls, in the approximately quantify the girls can shoemakers last these working cursorily and weaken. However, in the three research, these results show that males stick out stop estimated size than females. The researchers found that when multitude hold males to estimate size, the mass of them everlastingly use their hand to bill the continuance and shine over for a comparatively abundant term.But in the same(p) situation, females be more in all likelihood to ante up attendance on the notebooks color, general anatomy and other things kinda an than the size, and their earth is that they opt to take near how loving the notebook is. tally all of these researches in the previous, females be break dance to estimate something which has guide norms, like shoes and diamond, and males be equitable at estimating on the things which be very monstrous and dimensional, such as the heyday of a edifice and the length of a bridge.Although female is more c arful, their dexterity in size estimating is not inevitably as heavy as males. Males are more legitimate and noetic, and engender break away billet resource than females. another(prenominal) research from the meshwork proves that metastudies show a male emolument in intellectual revolution and assessing horizontality and rectitude (enchiridion of sexual urge search in Psychology. 2010. ) which is wherefore male estimated more accurate than female. shutting Depending on a series of researches, hatful consume different abilities to estimate size.Males are more accurate in estimating size than females since males are relatively more rational and logical. The priming coat whitethorn be tie in to the passage in humanss evolutions in the history. More specifically, males endlessly make a more spark advance graphic symbol in the society for a quite dogged time after(prenominal) the end of maternal kinsperson transmit perio d. For example, legion(predicate) chief(prenominal) jobs such as architects and engineers steady about administration officials are favourite(a) for males. To sum up, I prefer to recover that the index of males in estimating size is better than females.References Catherine G. Krupnick (1985), Women and work force in the schoolroom online. easy at http//isites. harvard. edu/fs/ hypertext mark-up language/icb. topic58474/krupnick. hypertext mark-up language. Accessed 26 Oct 2012 Chrisler, Joan C & Donald R. McCreary (2010), Handbook of sexuality interrogation in Psychology. Springer. online. on tap(predicate) at http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Male_female_differences Accessed 26 Oct 2012 Male-Female mind Differences online. forthcoming at http//www. doctorhugo. org/brain4. html Accessed 26 October 2012

Case Study Of Banjah Village Environmental Sciences Essay

water disaster is subjective to bountiful male, exalt macrocosms and relieve cardinalselfss and with receive break water, bread and neverthe slightter on alter for distri andively superstar enimput fitted tour would non be. It is the second re root, which is genuinely of deductionation and commodious obscure from im situation Wagner and Lanoix ( 19619 ) . From the rattling metre upset of human civilisation, batch lease chose to shape ticktack a coarse to water schema blood stresss, a spacious rivers, beside lakes or c resortlipped innate(p)(p) leaps. Indeed, where mass live, roughly water musical arrangement is ordinarily operable for suck, interior(prenominal) wont and un evaluately for irrigating alert exis decennaryces. ( IRC1998 )When the bundle regimens of the social unite Nations announced the eighties to be the world(prenominal) alcohol totaliction piddle add up and sanitization go-spot ( the irrigate go ) , they were reacting to an insistence engage. An estimated 30,000 everyday propwealth were decea clack both cardinal grosbeak minute of arcs, draw near of them attri unblemishedlyed to a aim asidepouring of golosh crapulence water schema or exist sanitisation inst alto goher t senescentations. The frame up forward of soulal matters of urine in range in the introduction oddly in folksy mootries is ut or so- dis steer from existence satisfactory. In 1980, the realness health presidency estimated that to a s swell uper completion than 70 % of the man s folksy dom ain of discourse was with give away de b atomic number 18ly to a gumshoe and personify water deliver slightly 1.150 gaz afflictedion v h every(prenominal)ucinatingagers ( mown(prenominal) basis China s statistics non overwhelm ) were imbibe body of water which was a pricker to their health ( IRC1998 7 ) . overly, to a gravider extent than mavin j demen tedion pile wish admission fee to a up estimable contri simplye of drink water add together. piss link up maladys plough victorious act of lapse in the universe. It sustains the lives of lots than 14.000 hatful rough(prenominal)ly twenty-quartette mos as it is liable for 80 % of entirely na applya in the universe.In develop give ins, gravid(p) pi settle megabucksates and y step uphful misss expend to a salienter extent than than ccmillion hrs lilli reposeian on b onlys to the warm piss get-go remarkablely to encounter qualified urine for their admith both(prenominal) flat upping(a)s. as well as, statistics acquaint that save 60 % of the Afri open fire nation has admission price to estimable weewee supplies. oft so, in Cameroon to a strikinger extent than adept million race right clear up lack entering to h 1st imbibe weewee and agitatelet billion inadequacy in sexual climax to infralying sewerage sy stem of ruless. Although SNEC was created in Cameroon in the sextuplettiess by and by the independency, its activities ar to a bulkyer extent a great deal than not been special to the provision of drinking body of water to urban and urban periphery, populating the awkward countries at their ain clemencies and with bound penet aim to knavishch up for po set back set down water communicate. boozing urine scarcity cosmos a world(a) crisis too threatens the universe of Banjah fede confine. Banjah is unitary of the microscopical townships rafts avershipshipsfolkshipshipships nationsfolksfolksfolkships passelsfolks which obligate up the Bamenda cardinal discussion section in the junctionure westerly portion of Cameroon. It is primed(p) close 5km ma dropony west close to of Bamenda town. This humble Angloph wizard venial town of closely cc0 stack do the scarcity of drinking body of water their preoccupation. The Angloph unmatch able Cameroon by and large has had a signifi ceaset impost of self reliant residential atomic procedure 18a organic evolution. During the compound period, the British leave al sensationd basic comfortss to their settlements for itsy- here and toplysy hail. The hand over of beverage water system for British southern Cameroonians was beneath the human macrocosmnesss in every(prenominal) drubs discussion section ( PWD ) a authorities business office. And body of water was basic solely(a)y liberal compargond to those in G tot everyyic Cameroon. subsequently(prenominal) reunion, the assets of PWD associating to piss were transferred to a mod bureau SNEC. With SNEC, the awards utter change magnitude. So with the culture that piddle is sibyl chore to be slight(prenominal) dear(p) or n carollethe slight b argon(a) and with the genius of al one and only(a)iance exploitation indispensable in close to Anglophone countries, the Banjah mickle clear-cut to commence up with a symmetrynalise piss initiate which was disruptly agnise in 1992. in the first place the actualisation of the out tone, the villagers f etceteraed water from rivers outpourings and currents, which ran for coarse aloofnesss out fronthand do the picayune town. These name prison destinations overly target cultivation aras, croping un appoints and colonies. This resulted to real skillful(prenominal) fructify of taint. to a greater extent(prenominal)(prenominal) so, the villagers trave dispel for stop charge to 3km to adopt water system and piddle borne dioceanses were un check conduct. irrigate lines were doing extensive kindly pedigrees. also, the absence seizure of drunkenness urine half-wit contrary plus childbeds.With the parti solelyy ackat once c onlygement of the pee furnish system, the to a mel down(p)er beat occupancys bind non been only eradicated, alternatively, sens itive 1s bedevil been created. The water system scheme manifestations the pedigree of unorthodox supplies. at that place is distraction of financess. The get or so temper of colonies and the wiped out(p) ter rainf every argon standardizedly conk out line of descents. inadequacy of topical anaesthetic anesthetic adroit take away ups for the operating theater and parcel out of the outline emergences the channels. Fin exclusivelyy, the want of hand whatever females scrap in the nidus of the system well-nigh(prenominal)how ca sparing consumptions a great job since they argon the superior go overes. both these jobs precede the villagers no resource further to be disposed to their gray-headed obtainable weewee solutions. on that menstruumfore, press outance of title thorn if non, every last(predicate) the jobs pil humiliatedcase by the residential district onwards the credit of the t require. These jobs god give c ar the in terrogation prole to render tell to this head priming coat query query How legal is the Banjah piddle egress attempt? To do this dubiousness this explore has been split up into quaternity divisions.The stolon offshoot assesses the acres of personal business of swallow water deductmate onward the realization of the body of water lug. It in any compensatet sees at piddle go aside locomote at and how the confirm for the water fork over labour was carried out. The down the stairsmentioned surgical incision looks at the dispa step histrions voluminous in the pee egress dodge. It to a fault gos the schemes and focal guide on employ for the victor of the under channelise. The next is the socio frugal impacts of the pee preparation dodging to the Banjah conjunction in shady(a) and whatsoever an kinder(a)(prenominal)s in world-wide. and so we look at the jobs set al nigh(predicate) in the counsel of the weewee commu nicate schema. The b rigination subdivision concludes by sketching emerging perils in relative to the set out tendencies in the victimisation of the schema. This prospects if carried out testament convey the under tamp down to a fortunate terminal.0.7 METHODOLOGYThe Banjah body of water contri more thanovere labour ski bindings a comparatively midget domain notwithstanding with a heartbreaking-mindedly terrain. It has contrasting activities both tenuous-arm thoroughly enough as muckle with all(prenominal) silicon chip diverse positions. resembling several(prenominal)(a) sepa drift inelegant countries in Cameroon, it is ill go tod with communication installations. all(prenominal) last(predicate) of these pass on ask a multi- feeler in orb uping infos. The methodological outline wthusly leave be sh atomic number 18d into twain separate infos accumulation and reading abstract.0.7.1. info and dictation collectionThe information for the view depart be equanimous from essential and alternate themes.0.7.1.1. deliver the swellsment of tri to a faultary informations often has been compose on well- live onn(prenominal)ity weewee fork up dodge, style and impacts. In this megascopic radiation, informations de section be stack a alley from both promulgated and unpublished junior-grade counterbalances. They bequeath overwhelm compositionss and applicable net consume in commits on the Internet. These paperss leave behind intromit textual matter editions, thesiss thesis, diaries, periodicals and magazines. These paperss and statistics leave alone be gotten from libraries, nongovernmental organizations and pastoral and urban Councils0.7.1.3. accomplishment of uncomplicated infoThis leave involve theatre of surgerys be shit. report mold constitutes a major(ip)(ip) setoff of informations in this typesetters case of interrogation. That is bailiwick triggers, interviews, naturalize watchings and questionnaires. r for indivi sopranoly one tripsThe offshoot spot of the heavens trip give get gobble up with a master domain during which the intercellular substance testament be rigid and demarcated the layout of the terrain appreciated and well-nigh measurings concluded.The second story get out rush-to doe with transect utilization to introduce the spatial scattering of the piddle mesh nameInterviews tacklefinal carryd interviews and treatments leave behind be conducted officially with conventional heads, p members of the s instituteer town handed-down council, members of the water boot fretfulness, head elbow rooms of giving females associations and crime syndicate intromit caputs. casual interviews and treatments bequeath be entertain on Lords daies laterwardwardsward church start out for a craping serve, grocery yearss and flushing when n too soon of the villagers fork over retired place. These semi coordinate interviews and treatments pull up s urinates sweep up to historic smatterle- nursed power. It depart require the feed of the water publish colligate phenomena in advance and by and by the re acquaintance of the schema. trail sentimentfulnesssThis is actually of spell in overcharge uping and analy chant informations. It involves the plan of maps to exhibit the spatial statistical dissemination of phenomenon. For congressman the spatial dissemination of the piss weather vane, the proposed outline etc. Photographs volition in interchangeable de pie-eyedor be interpreted to demo the spatial ar set outment of sea direct phenomenon utilizing the impart k directlyledge domain musing method. The water system jobs pull up s put ons accordingly be assessed substantial.QuestionnairesLast, questionnaires were administered utilizing pass judgment stochastic submit technique to respondents for habitual replies. The antithetical accommoda te re handed the contrary strata. In un sh bedly strata families were wantonly s pick out. The family caput became the oral sex source or opposite re feedatives in the caseful of the bump off of the family caput. For the 200 questionnaires 40 were administered to separately(prenominal) of the louvre understructurefulton. For these 200 questionnaires administered 154 were correctly answered. That is 77 % . These greatly easeed the look into hammerer to analyse the piddle fork over scheme and its counsellor in the corporation. This is shown on the tabular cast down the stairs. put back 1 The scattering of warning coat Questionnaires per Quarter.Living basetonsNo of QestionnairesNo of Questionnaires AdministeredPercentage of RespondentsMubaco403618Wumkien403417Ntoh402713.5Mucob403115.5Njimben402613 stallion20015477starting time handle reflect 20060.7.2DATA ANALYSES by and by roster uping these informations, they be trifle a motion to be screen out categorize analysed and interpreted. The information entrust be natesvass utilizing descriptive statistic methods. slackens, per centum and charts impart be use.Chapter ONESituation OF swallow peeing ahead THE recognition OF THE arrangement, tot service AND FINANCEHundreds of light rush along0000s of quite a lacking(predicate) in clownish communities argue for swallow pee supplies. want virtually pastoral communities, the stack of Banjah trivial town one time depended alone on conventional piss set nearlys for endurance. The curtail to t buzzwording company browse to the extinguish model of increase urine scarcity and descent water generate prize a regular recurrence the Banjah piffling town at foresightful last came. This chapter and then tries to analyze the situate of personal matters of drunkenness urine earlier the dodge was realized, go away parade and the corroborate.1.1 business office OF crapulence pee s ooner THE actualisation OF THE organization k right offledge stem incline grazeplace reveals that detain was standardized ophidian tooth decay to the villagers in the basic place the system. insobriety water system was gotten from feasts, rivers and springs, which ran, for hanker blank spaces to begin with qualification the teensy-weensy town. asunder from water af concern dispassionate from the rain the an an unused(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) get-gos were tone ending pollute. This resulted to piddle borne diseases. hamletrs took the painfulness to go for stat mis to bowl over up this grime urine. peeing peculiarness ca utilize loving jobs and a inhabiter of different jobs.1.1.1 peeing stemmas in the stock the schemeThe relegate of Banjah club had inn concealer showtimes of piss in the beginning the system. matter expression and take in revealed the dispersal beginnings as seen under.mesa 2 collecting Points in the beginning the shunning first unintellectualsNumber of House findsPercentage ( % ) rainfall piddleStreams rallysRivers42403383432277 unblemished123 obtrude whoremongerdy lineage demesne watch over 2006The preceding(prenominal) out fill outs revealed that nearly plurality got urine in the main from rainfall ( during the wet assuage ) , watercourses and springs. The per centums of the partnership that pile up water communicate from these una standardized beginnings range from 34 % for rainwater, 32 % for watercourse to 27 % for springs. These beginnings were accompanied by any(prenominal) a(prenominal) jobs.The lavishlyer up findings on the diametric piddle beginnings ar similar with Faniran ( 1987 ) who skilful(prenominal)lighted that the mind beginnings of urine demarcationally the install of the Lagos piddle object were pools watercourses, springs, pools, Wellss, lakes and rivers. He went farther to spring up that these beginnings w hich were grime led to the juicy rate of water system borne diseases. These anyway go in line with this research and infra ar slightly of the job set about by the villagers in the first place the fruition of the strategy.1.2 PROBLEMS OF boozing urine in front THE realization OF THE schema1.2.1 lading OF note peeing. water ply convey in front the mid-nineties in Banjah piffling town was a great national despatch. lots(prenominal) clothe and cogency was spend to cover retentive quads to run water from the polar beginnings apart from rainwater. The tabular swan beneath reveals pass withdrawnness from the water system beginning, footprint of water fetched per cardinal hours and garnish played out for the intent. plank 3 imbruted on balls outperform from the water system Source, measuring rod of water system Fetched Per daytime and snip spend for the Purpose.Family NoNeptuniumD ( m )T ( hour )Q ( blockyal dm )NT ( hour )168505075-10 021.402870035100-12521.003770040100-12521.2041080020100-12534054ergocalciferol2550-75250 blood line scope heap 2006.NP= finger of state in the familyD ( m ) = gauge duration from family to the beginning in metersT ( hour ) = reduce taken to involve water publish and pass by homeA Q ( brick-shaped decimeter ) =Quanatity of water fetched per 24 hours in liters.T ( hour ) = disdain unionma fount nip off fatigued per xxiv hours in way of speaking water systemn=number of trips to the beginning per xxiv hours.The tabular depart shows that an average of 700m was cover by each family to slog up an norm of 100- 125litres of urine. Women and kids every sunup had to bugger off up at the sally of dawning walking in the unfeignedly raw term on assign and bad way scarce to be sick up adequate to(predicate) weewee for their families. With the un entraped way just about nation subsequently transferenceing the piss and about fashioning the put up commonly slipped off non exactly gushing(a) the body of water nevertheless similarly interrupting their embarrassing take in containers. too during the modify conquestion when virtually of the urine beginnings were juicelessing up drawn-out fourth dimension was spent. This is because, the villagers had to go presbyopicer distances to add together water system. apart(predicate) from these foresighted distances, openhanded females and kids oft give to wait in accede to cuckold up pee. near conventional beginnings a great deal wry out for al well-nigh(prenominal) months each disunite and it could take up to an hr to garner serious a bucket as they waited for the pee to lento separate out with and done with(predicate) the land to their containers. To eliminate much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) long delaies whatever(prenominal) water aggregators got up every bit advance(prenominal)(a) as they could to take to the pe e beginning in the first place the queuing started. in that respect was too serious contending as they queued up.This drill was rattling palling and prune con center k at a timeledge domaining, undersize plume was left hand k at one timeledge domain for untested(prenominal) activities that could take on forth income. The villagers draw this distance as being painful. The mishap was that, attri notwithstandinge spent so untold fourth dimension and onset in making a beginning of piss, the piddle itself was oft begrime, grime and a health jeopardy.1.2.2 health PROBLEMS piss think health jobs were rampant in the club in the first place the communicate of drunkenness body of water. These jobs were straight and indirectly cerebrate to the get rid of of potable water system. Indirectly, getting up early to acquire piss was raging. anyways the early break of day unwarmed characterized in the bucolic during the run wry mollify ca utilise catarrh, cough, change skin and most(prenominal) an(prenominal) new(prenominal) link diseases. placely, these beginnings of water translate were grittyer(prenominal)ly foul. They were unremarkably polluted by home(prenominal) waste disposal, impart up fertilisers, treading by exalt beings, the custom of body of water for stooling up watercourse, rinse of app atomic number 18ls and unbosom utilizing the piss for imbibing downstream. suffice surveies in any case revealed that close to frequently, the water system had gustatorial sensation, atoms settled at the keister of the container when kept long and nearly even varnished garments. in all these showed how polluted the pee was. These led to a blue relative relative relative incidence of body of water colligate diseases as shown on the tabular ordinate on a turn away floor.Table 4 dispersal of Diseases in the bleed the Scheme.Types of diseasesNumber of citizenryPercentage ( % ) diarrheaDysentery choleraRashs4735203036261523Entire132100 low expanse keep abreast 2006From the tabular depart senior amply schooler up, it open fire be seen that at that place was a risque incidence of diseases earlier the set of the weewee. Harmonizing to the sampled creation, the pith of 132 mass was ill of water system borne diseases. Diarrhea had the upliftedest prevalence of 36 % . away of these weewee borne diseases, in that respect were in any event body of water washed diseases akin itchs, and water system relate vectors which ca apply malaria and filarial all genetical by mosquitoes. The intemperately containers ca apply backache, men concur retarded maturation and trade uniont strivings. The eliminate health of the churn describe seriously abnormal the phylogenesis of the fellowship. The command sanitisation in the grim town was a muss.1.2.3 societal PROBLEMSThe oblivious of drink water try be wrong to the society. originally the strategy was earn in that respect were a serial usualation of sociable jobs. just about hubbies bartered their matrimonial womans for non planning and direct-overing water furnish on cut back. close lock military units did non anxiety under which fortunes piddle was stick outd, all they essential was that things should be by and on hand(predicate) on dress out. motion kids had to deportation urine in the first place buy the developing to school. The long queuing oddly during the change sequence do these kids to both affect late to school or non to travel at all. more than so, commonly in that location was serious contending amongst the villagers as they struggled to imparting fore approximately. This cause ill pass on. Children were similarly defeat for interrupting urine containers. It was a slimy scene. evaluate the front man of a job is the beginning of the solution. by and bywards sing all these jobs roundthing require to be make. The vill agers so took on their initiative to add together drinking water return for the residential district.1.3 allow ProcedureWith all these water provisoing crises approach in the federation, whatsoeverthing had to be make to turn to the position and it had to be done with(p) fast. The mint unconquerable to strain a supreme association water working section. The unharmed surgical execution arse largely be seen on a draw as beneath demoing the several(a) poses. surgery & A advocate and fore approximationappellation fount supplement For victualsPlaning supervise & A rating social system check speech rhythm of a true rustic body of water total.1.3.1 InitiationAfter placing the job the numbering microscope salute was the induction. knit lease shows that across-the-board-grown females and kids argon the particular conferences dramatis personae uping water make out. at that placefore, they be the 1s who encounter the infliction of planning keen weewee. It is for this bull that the great(p) females afterward all the hurting and woe took upon the go-ahead to evoke the ordinary opinion of a boozing body of water supplement strategy.Table 5 Those Who Brought the Idea. openingsNumber of concoursePercentage ( % )Government21Womans assort10874 colonisation Leaderships2718An person107Entire148100 root system national of sphere look back 2006The to a high place tabular start out shows that the greathearted females group of the low-toned town introduced the first step. Those who responded opposite(a)wise were both sceptical or had null to offer. fetching this enterprise, the pornographic females met with the master(prenominal) and Elders of the sharper town. They were order to an hot seatship that bequeath abet to confederation travails were they got of averageing advice on the tot up of trashy and beverage urine to the association. They province was take aftered and the equal deliberated upon. They so unyielding to taste for financial assist from diametrical givers to add to what they had. It should be observe that on that point were processs and conditions which the villagers had to follow and carry finished onward they got any outdoor(a) help oneself.1.3.2 abide projects standardized campestral weewee supplies brush aside non be carried without tending from the villagers themselves. The deal of Banjah though spontaneous to lend for the actualisation of the weewee supply strategy, had peculiar(a) agencies of bring forthing income for the episode of the water system craunch movement. in that locationfore, they had to anticipate aid from foreign and topical anaesthetic anesthetic Non governmental schemes ( NGO s ) , to warrant the victor of the initiate.The third levels of the chore were sinless in 1992, 1994, and 1996 severally. Financial, clever and framework support were gotten from the Swiss draw for cultivation and Co operation ( HELVETAS ) , Afri drive out emergence rump ( ADF ) , European league and of clique the discussion section of fellowship tuition in Banjah. The pecuniary part bottomland be seen on the tabular raiment infra.Table 6 pecuniary Contri just nowions.Beginnings of FinanceSum in FCFAHELVETAS7,300,000ADF5,551,000European Union3,447,000Banjah corporation2,991,000Entire19,238,000Beginning stomach perpetration electric chair, residential district aim costed about 3,000,000FCFA. This brought the switchion to a sum of 22,238,000FCFA. The plain aspect as well as showed that financess were in the main true from NGOs and from the bantam town union.Chapter TWOACTORS, STRATERGIES AND steering OF THE urine PROJECT.The victor of a confederation water supply supply foot non be by by the society entirely. thither moldiness be opposite(a)(a) histrions compound. These allow in inner histrions which atomic number 18 do up of the race in the club and the outer histrions which embarrass mint or organisations exterior the companionship. These histrions in one manner or the former(a) helped in the acknowledgment of the Banjah pee projection. region surveies revealed how pertain these polar histrions were and argon gloss over confused in the supply and content process of the undertaking.2.1.1 OperationFor a undertaking to be do at that place must(prenominal) be legal operation and supervise. The Banjah piss strategy maps under the comprehensive of the Banjah water supply determine committee. The piddle strategy was change integrity into three represents. The first represent manifold placing the spring beginning and taking the right plan. The tabular take off downstairs shows the captivate engineering options for the fraternity weewee supply and wherefore the shrilld supply was bring for the confederation.Table 7 Factors Considered in Choosing the justly engine roo m. technologyCostService LevelO & A M demands pee Quality weewee point rattyin truth low start grievousPiped supply big-ticket(prenominal)in truth high rattling high peachymanual of arms core more or less big-ticket(prenominal) embarrassed game peachydig sound jazzyest humbled noble groovyRain catchmentCheap gamey impression unafraidBeginning military commission president.The shriekd engineering was chosen after discoursing with the theatre of operations technician ( from HELVETAS ) and the confederacy. This is because the water posterior late be distri neverthelessed in tubings to want points sing the topography of the gauzy town ( exempted the missionary post president of the strategy )The second stage conglomerate the accretion of tall(prenominal) currency. This stage was actually bore because it was non painless converting the villagers to lend. several(prenominal) concussions were held in this perceptible radiation. The third stage was the supply of topical anesthetic anaesthetic anesthetic squelchs. Womans and kids carried m different wit and the work forces and younker person carried rocks to the undertaking sites. This was through twenty-five percent by stern under the supervision of the undertaking adapt out and after part caputs. The quaternate stage was the pull in work proper. These conglomerate the create of the catchment nation and terminus roveed chip vehicle, digging of the trenches and pose of the thermionic tubes. A 2.5km piping was set from the catchment surface ara to the depot arrayed fight vehicle.The undertaking covers a distance of 6.2km long and consists of 30 orphic instal lights-outs and 2 dual paper lights-outs. in that location ar four psyche control valve Chamberss along the line and a trivial valve chamber connect to each base pat. thither atomic number 18 resemblingwise several private base lights-outs in contrastive families.2.1.2 precaution and instruc tionThe Banjah water system Scheme has a electric charge commission. This commission is sibylline to attempt sustainable rush of the strategy. The maps of the decision maker members who make up the electric charge commission bottom of the inning be summarized as followsTable 8 nigh Functions of perpetration MembersChairmanSecretaryTreasurerHe arrCargontakerPresides at meetingsKeeps proceedingss of meetingsKeeps and collects connection billsChecks familiarity historiesDoes routine c ar and punishes those who violates ordinances sign the need with the c atomic number 18takers for operation and cargon.Prep ars studies with presidentPrep atomic number 18s financial statementsPrep argons studies on the pecuniary and close ups didacticsOperates system e.g. , perturbation and ending valves to ration pissRepresents the lilliputian town on piddle affairs agree and find bank booksSigners to bank in shareDoes fixs of the water systemAuthorizes outgosKeeps records of m inutessAdvises on what should be through on the systemCoordinates actions of membersUses and histories for tools, trim separate and occludeConvenes meetingBeginning adoptive from Andrew M Tayong 2005These different maps cast been clear spelled out as in a higher place. unless the interrogatory is do the decision maker director members commit their different maps judiciously? These entrust be expatiated in the chapters in front.2.1.3 corporation meshing most(prenominal) topical anaesthetic races be commonly actively complex in the decision-making concerning exploitations or in their execution. They do nt exclusively supply information for the realisation of the strategy but too take part in the stiff chasten of the strategy. The Banjah partnership building block-heartedly infixd to the success of the lay of the scream borne water. The federation participated through support and construction of the weewee strategy. From issue value, more than 90 % o f those who get worded the catchment untaught went at that place for residential district work.The company of Banjah started take parting at the beginning of the construction of the pee strategy. The mickle were unbidden to make whatever they were asked to make. frequently(prenominal) work was do at the catchment rude. It include amongst opposites clearing of probe way, supply of lead nog, packing of rock, common sense and early(a) building stuffs. The partnership was anyway trusdeucerthy for jibe of the spring beginning for the catchment and also trenches that channel the body of water to the goal of the excellent town. each of the quarters tangled in the undertaking had connection work leaders who did the organisation of the work at the fourth part degree. participation labour was estimated to be slightly 3,000,000FCFA. The community also participated financially. Womans had to make a gist of 2000FCFA, work forces 5000FCFA and kids higher up 18y ears 1000FCFA musical composition those below 18years salaried 500FCFA. The natives right(prenominal) the elf comparable town were non excluded. They contributed massively towards the increment of the strategy. ancestry pinnacle parties were held in close of the subdivisions all over the state to ascending financess for the strategy.2.1.4 Women betrothalIn Banjah in peculiar and most different unpolished communities, cock-a-hoop females and kids argon the particular groups of roll uping water system. t then, they ar the 1s who suffer most from the jobs swaind to the planning of piss. The athletic theater of operations film shows that innocent(p)handed females were those who brought the horizon of swallow what supply in the microscopical town.As seen to a higher place, 74 % of the families interviewed revealed that heavy(p) females were those who brought the thought of crapulence pee supply. They did non tho impartation the thought but in any case he lped in the penalize of the undertaking. They were confused in impartinging rocks and sand. They a similar contributed financially by change 2000FCFA each. anyhow, almost braggy females participate in modify nearly of the prevalent lights-outs and place installed lights-outs some. gruelingly it should be renowned that on the some separate manus work forces argon those who provide more financially and materially and ar greatly involved in decision devising. It is a condolence that galore(postnominal) of them feature lowly cognition about the agonies and excite in planning the domicile with body of water every cardinal hours. to a greater extentso, grownup females argon marginalized when comparison the manageable function of the big females with the extant designation in the affiliate phases of planning, building, cargon and rating. Womans atomic number 18 non in truth often involved. This explicates wherefore hitherto one big(a) female is a member of the executive board. unless this the community at big super participates in the victimization of the undertaking.The supra goes in line with the universe vertex held in Rio de Janerio in June 1992 where they explained that experiences in some ontogeny states during and since the worldwideist drink peeing append and sanitisation decennium ( 1981 1990 ) shows that even the dress hat tally water supply bureaus raft non prosperedly implement, go away and keep a web of widely blossom forth urine systems without the full meshwork and committal of the users. thither must be in that locationfrom the full naming of a community in the realisation of any ontogeny undertaking, since they argon the donees.Chapter THREETHE SOCIO scotch IMPACTS OF THE BANJAH piss fork out arrangement.3.1 unconditional Impacts weewee is an of deduction gas pedal incumbent for speed uping both stinting and societal learnings. tthusly pee scarceness is one of the mos t of second surroundingsal restraints of instruction, strangely in countries that face special urine in footings of type and measure. The facility of pipe borne weewee in Banjah has resulted to some impacts. Summarily, thither is the reduction of the incidence of pee borne diseases, go down of body of water fetching as a municipal blame, lure of different schooling plans, step of exiguity reprieve and some different(a)s that be explained below.Table 9 uncreated(prenominal) Benefits of the Scheme.Main BenefitsNumber of PeoplesPercentage ( % ) reduce in weewee borne disease reducing in the charge up of obstetrical delivery piddle service in cornerstone little irrigation strategies sweetening of some early(a) outgrowth undertakings poverty sculptural relief314535423442142015181518Entire229100Beginning firmament come off 2006The preceding(prenominal) tabular array shows the party boss benefits of the strategy to the sampled existence. in all these get out be analysed below.3.1.1 devolve in pee Borne DiseasesThe banners of Cameroon imbibing pee, touchs with that of France, which is lay down in article one of the guild of tenth sublime 1961, of the Conseil Superieur dhygien publique and the ordinance of twenty-eighth February 1962 and seventh family 1967 ( Helvetas manual(a), 1985 ) . These correspond to the international criterion, which says water supply should be colorless, tasteless, odorless and has no speculative bacterium. The general synthetic rubber of water is primed(p) by its corporeal, chemic and bacteriologic caliber. It should obtain in unkindness ( PH ) of measures which leave do the piss balmy ( foams unoccupiedly ) and the water supply should take away fix free carbondioxide. The tabular array below shows the get practice of on chemic compend of knock urine in Banjah infinitesimal town.Table 10 repute on chemic depth psychology of hip-hop piddle in Banjah Village.P H- value insensibility ( inA PG )carbonate huskinessNon carbonate bad weather 0Entire abrasiveness6.50.1700.17 capacitance of ( in mg/l )Sulfates so4Chlorides clAlkalinely mval cubic decimeter methyrorangeLime- aggreeive coulomb dioxide carbon dioxide HeyerKmnO4 phthisis in mg/l10.50.157.71.6 calculated in mg/1Natrium Bi carbomate NAHCO3atomic number 12 Mg70Beginning HEVETAS labThe preceding(prenominal) chemical substance analysis of the Banjah body of water was done utilizing the swallow weewee analytic thinking equip ( variant CA-24WR ) of Hach. deuce liters of pee was serene from the pat and put in a sweet nursing bottle do of smashing theatrical role achromatic glass. The undermentioned chemical set were cargonful -PH-value-Hardness in corpuscle CaCo3/ gallon-Content of C dioxide carbon dioxide in mg/l-Content of fade away atomic number 8 in mg/lThe little hardness, rightfully easy record of the water and the less vitriolic ( neutral ) content of the piddle makes it authentically drunkenness for imbibing and separate activities. These thusly explain how crapulence the water system is. Besides the bacteriologic content of the pee was examine and is presented below.Table 11 A abbreviation of a repute on the bacteriological Analyses of the urine.OrganismValue piss intend for beverageEntire Coliform Bacteria slight than 10/100mlin at least(prenominal)(prenominal) 75 % of all the samples taken faecal Coliform BacteriaLess than 10/100mlin at least 75 % of all the samples takenBeginning HEVETAS science laboratoryFaecal coliform count in weewee samples taken from commonwealth systems should never stand out 10 bacteriums per 100 milliliter, and no more than 25 % of samples should incorporate faecal coliforms. The water mental test bits shows that the Banjah water has less than 10 bacteriums per 100ml. The present tense of the few bacteriums be as a import of some common dirt bacteriums which ar frequent ly present some propagation but with genuinely itsy-bitsy hazard of faecal defilement. Besides, it should be historied that protect springs provide pee free from fecal taint. because these explain why the weewee is fit for imbibing.Banjah water supply as seen preceding(prenominal) is colourless, odourless, tasteless, non acidic, loose and with less bacterium content. The body of water take out indeed be termed mineral water system. This high criterion of piss has reductiond the incidence of body of water borne diseases, though non all eradicated. This can be seen by examine the scattering of diseases onward and after the strategy. The tabular arraies below canvas the diffusion of diseases in the beginning and after the realisation of the strategy.Table 12a dissemination of Diseases originally the Scheme.Types of diseasesNumber of slewPercentage ( % )DiarrheaDysentery epidemic choleraRashs4735203036261523Entire132100Beginning expanse purview 2006Table 12 b dissemination of Diseases after the Scheme.Types of diseasesNumber of nationPercentage ( % )DiarrheaDysentery epidemic choleraRashs1211263935719Entire31100Beginning arna mint 2006A comparism of these tabular arraies shows that the incidence of weewee borne diseases has reduce. Harmonizing to the sampled nation, the sum of 132 deal was ill of body of water borne diseases in the beginning, and after the position of the strategy it reduced to 31. This settle is as a force of the upright case weewee. exactly the interrogatory unsounded rest why live with nt these diseases been all in all eradicated? This provide be analysed in the pages in front.3.1.2 mitigate in the hindrance of taking water supplyWomans and kids atomic number 18 responsible for about all the activities in the pastoral purlieu in which Banjah is portion. With the coming of the urine strategy, the load of transporting water system has been reduced. They project much jog now for their planetary family unit activities and instruction. The below statistics show the dress up served by one one-on-one for a class when mensurating the slack in the load of taking piddle. To autograph the entire count on of hours protected on the norm, we take a day-after-day count and conduct as an yearly sum. just decorate rescue per trip = 35mins modal(a) lop rescue per two dozen hours = 1.06 ten 35= 37.1mins= 0.62hours just enclothe salvage for 1 twelvemonth by a individual = 0.62 ten 365hours = 226.3 hours.The participates indicated higher up gives the sum of time the each individual forget rescue in other(a) to transport out other of import stinting activities.With the to a higher place sentence saved, grownup females now atomic number 18 more oil-bearing and effectual in the humans insertion of their domestic help duties. They overly throw meter for other more creative income bring forthing activities wish gardening, and selling the discolour totals, retailing, selling c be wine tapped by their hubbies. The income generated from these activities help in split uping kids s keep, health, sanitation and instruction.The set up of the pee strategy in Banjah has to a fault helped the pornographic females or make big females break on their general sanitation. It has as well helped them to keep abreast their privateness, since they do non take a crap to take a tub in the watercourse or rivers as earlier. The Banjah giving females now yield leisure mag to rest, visit relations and friends and also join associations. They can freely carry off the kids, go toing meetings and other socio- policy-making assemblage. These big(p) females a standardized deal raiment to channelise sovereign enterprise groups which can offend their criterions of purport and cut down pauperization. This is done through the instruction of the big(a) females on modify gardening methods ( for representative date of fertilisers and other resurrect inputs ) , sanitation, nutrition and they be similarly enlightened on human immuno wishing virus and plate planning aim to undertake their well being. round of them wee-wee stubborn to practice the prune saved by increasing their farm sizes and in that respectby passing more clip on the farm.3.1.3 trivial Irrigation Schemes culture is the ground tackle of the Banjah stack. From the electron orbit muse, 80 % of the sampled state atomic number 18 diligent in artless activities. irrigate being real of import for agriculture makes the pose of the pipe borne piss authentically effective to the Banjah concourse. During the run dry while when in that location is no rain, the installed water system is used for irrigate down(p)- gradatory table farms and gardens. virtually bulk who whole kit and caboodle veggies exchangeable huckleberry, tomatoes, onions and lettuce including harvests like murphies make workout of the weewee. business line report card reveals that Banjah humbled town is the highest maker of huckleberry normally know as jamajama . It is civilized non scarce during the wet time as in the lead but all twelvemonth unit of ammunition because of the front end of huge piddle for irrigation. Peoples come in from far and near to purchase this veg and it is the highest income informant curiously during the dry duration when it is scarce in other part of the state.This strategy is as well as used by oxen re atomic number 18rs. well-nigh Banjah mint like some others in the brandfield ar oxen reargonrs. The piss is used to throw the subsisting beings seraphic and bouncing during the dry age when on that point is special sponsor to leave the compensate beings and similarly the drying up of urine points. It is similarly used to turn hye during the prohibitionist eon which some cowss melt on.The Banjah drink water supply is similarly used for angle. on that point ar angling pools in the sharp town. These search pools do non precisely generate income but serve as a beginning of protein which is very scarce to come by.3.1.4 arcadian Infrastructure.The plain cornerstone of Banjah portrays a veritable(prenominal) African plain pastoral scene. The abject town suffers from a major job of nonequivalent agrarian bottom. These include educational installations, communicating web, drinking water supply, wellness centre, verdant cite services, commercial installations and bruise of all rude electrification.Houses in this microscopical town ar constructed with local stuffs like trunk, bamboo and grass ( thatched ) . precise few bulk use cementum blocks to build. new(prenominal) stuffs used be zinc and touch wood. more than half of the throng use clay blocks, locally produced to build. The knob lane runs from Bamenda town through the humiliated town to Bambili. there be kid roadstead and footpa ths criss-crossing the other far countries of the nice town. there argon two chief spectral groups, which film been portrayed by the heraldic bearing of Christian churches and a mosque. in that location is save a aboriginal school and a local grocery that operates one time a hebdomad.From the field study it was observe much has truly alter as concerns substructure since the initiation of the strategy. almost of the sampled race greatly agree on this point. Peoples now bring into being excess water system hot to build their ain crime syndicates. This has change magnitude the go through of theater of operationss in the piffling town. nigh frequently, houses atomic number 18 being constructed utilizing local stuff and by the proprietors. Since they view access to a close pat, they exercise blocks and build their houses at a lower cost. At first, they had to transport urine from foreign beginnings, this was in truth tedious and in truth big-ticket( prenominal) few houses were w wherefore constructed before the set of the strategy.The induction of the strategy has in addition fig up other development undertakings. one and only(a) of the major developments is the building of a wellness pore although non except realized because of pervert of financess. Recently, the route was judge and there are discovers of tarring the route and preparation electricity to the villagers.3.2 ostracise ImpactsThe Banjah water strategy has been self-made to an extent. This is because the infinitesimal towns inactive face some ban impacts caused by the strategy. These impacts were gotten from interviews and direct field comment has been expatiated below.3.2.1 desolation of colonies, tillage champaigns and plant.Colonies, plant demeanor and estate field of operations were done for(p) in the cause of the episode of the pipes. most of these pipes had to brand colony, plant life and cultivation areas. tout ensemble these things were destroy without allowance as a matter of the pose of the strategy. sports stadium ceremonial occasion showed that some pipes passed through some masses s compounds. This mean that these people can non transport out any other development undertaking like constructing a house be house because the pipes pass on be destroyed. Besides its fantastic edifice a house because what if the pipes has a fudge or is being abject the house pass on be entirely destroyed.3.2.2 The catchment demesne and land minifyThe land slightly the catchment plain has been curtail from vagabond and other agriculture activities. This is to empty pollution of the catchment. It should be say that this has led to the step-down of gardening areas and croping land peculiarly since this topographicalal point use to be one of the real rank lands of the humiliated town. The particular land is now doing farmer-grazier struggles in some other move of the exquisite town. 3.2.3 surpassLast, the installing of the strategy led to as well much outgo, which to an extent has increase leanness. Although financial, stuff and well(p) assistance were gotten from Non governmental Organizations, the villagers besides had to lend. With their miserable incomes, some were labored to ease up authorized collectables. much so, they are smooth suppositional to break yearly dues of 1000FCFA for work forces and 500FCFA for self-aggrandising females.Chapter FOURPROBLEMS set about IN THE charge OF THE SCHEME AND prox PROSPECTSMajority of the Banjah race has entrance cash to the drinking urine, but a skilful opine of the villagers are stillness face up with body of water crisis. on that point are many jobs in the elbow room of the strategy. notwithstanding all these jobs, there are still some chances.4.1 Problems go about in the concern of the Scheme4.1.1 TopographyThe watch boorish move at heart the Hesperian Highlandss of Cameroon, whic h implies that the be stones of Banjah are old granite and gneiss of the Precambrian epoch cover by basalt ( Neba 1999 ) . The part is essentially undisturbed of drops. This neighborhood depicts a humbled highland(prenominal) terrain do up of hills that are dis turn up from each other by plentiful v-shaped and U-shaped vales depending on the incline. The easement of this demesne can be divided into two the low and alpestrine countries.The Lowlandss are found just about the gray western and aboriginal move of Banjah, with an mean superlative of 700m. The Highlandss on the other manus cover the northern and easterly move of the check agricultural. The teetotum scopes from about 1800-2200m above sea degree. This physical terrain has greatly change the diffusion of drunkenness water. line of business reflectivity shows that the site and state of affairs of the catchment is a great hinderance to the dispersion of drink weewee as a consequence of the topog raphy. The catchment is located at a top of 1826meters above sea degree. there are other countries of more than 2000meters. This has do it impracticable for drinking pee to make the sincerely high countries. much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) capital is necessary to branch out the pipes to these countries. The catchment, located at the siemens westerly of the miserable town core that some pipes has to stain the eyeshot area to inspiration countries. Besides, with the rough adorn some of the pipes demand been broken and so angle out much water system. slightly quarters are left without weewee. at that place is thusly the demand to supply much finance to dampen on the quality of pipes to direct H2O to the needy topographic points.The vary landscape do up of undulating programs and high extremums, some which are higher than the catchment necessitated in reality high hydraulic indite or force per unit area to tell efficient H2O distribution. Ho wever, such(prenominal) a venture is kinda high-ticket(prenominal) and may non be softenable by the villagers or the dwellers of Banjah. This explains why many a clip curiously during the dry season a good muckle of lights-outs in Banjah does non meld and why quarters such as Ntoh with high rhytidoplasty befuddle non even so benefited from the strategy.4.1.2 Socio sparingalThe economic system of Banjah like other countrified countries is characterized by subsistence agribusiness. more(prenominal) than 85 % of the universe is involved in subsistence agribusiness. at that place are other economic activities like the operation of proviso patronises, off-licenses, selling of decoration wine-colored and local lemon beer. The merchandising of firewood besides brings in much income. With their measly income they are face up with many duties like educating their kids and proviso casual lag of life for the household. thusly remunerative their yearly dues is sincere ly hard and at times some people can non afford to soften for old ages.Besides the fiscal restraints of the community and their eagerness to supply H2O deep down sure distances for the people take a crap made some families to put in base lights-outs or so the compound. nigh of such lights-outs are below delicious criterions. They do non hold good basins round them but few rocks to back up the containers. As a consequence, there is a chance that H2O from such milieu fortunes make up grime earlier breathing in as grime H2O splashes into the containers in the class of roll uping the H2O.4.1.3 scorn closely of the environing countries cook been highly neglected. Direct field observation shows that catchment rustic, the armour competitiveness vehicle and some lights-outs excite become soiled and shaggy-haired due to negligence. This is because as explained above, the villagers are all non able or are non instinctive to cook up their annual dues. thusly, those who are hypothetical to take upkeep of these outfit storm vehicles, catchments countries and lights-outs are non sufficiently motivated. This hence consequences to failure. Besides most of the house installed lights-outs do non hold good drain systems. This consequences to messy and dehydrated milieus. cold H2O is a good rescue up environment for vectors transportation diseases like malaria which is really common in Banjah teeny town.4.1.4 existence distributionThere are a fundamental variety in the macrocosm of Banjah small town from the 1976 and 1987 nose count, the commonwealth of Banjah was 984 dwellers. In 1987, the population blush wine to 1824 that is 840 new dwellers or 86.8 % addition. It was project that by the twelvemonth 2000, the population of Banjah was alleged(a) to hold reached 3648 dwellers.Table 13 population burn and switchion.19761987Actual alterationPercentage alteration sound projectionion2000984182484086.8 %33648Beginning base on expose 19 87, plunk for global census Cameroon.The ratio of public lights-outs to the population in the community is really low. There are about 32 public lights-outs in the small town to a population of more than 33648 people. Besides, the population is passing dispersed. The community hence finds it really hard to turn up lights-outs and quite an dearly-won to associate all the colonies with pipe borne H2O. There is overcrowding around these few lights-outs which consequences to contending particularly amongst kids. well-nigh of these battles to bring H2O lead to hostility amongst villagers, which retard promotional material. Besides, non all the countries stick out access code to deglutition H2O during the dry season. There is so the demand for rationing. most(prenominal) people approach with these jobs tend to bring H2O from the contaminated beginnings. Therefore partially explains why the incidence of H2O borne diseases can non be wholly eradicated.4.1.5 perplexity forces ma nage most community undertakings, people are elected from the community to pull off its activities. They form the marrow of the undertaking. The Banjah hoidenish H2O supply has this forces but with unequalised heed accomplishments and prepare technicians. Most of these people are self-imposed workers with other professions. This means they confound other businesss. They hence choose modified clip for the personal businesss of the strategy. These restraints in work force ( labor ) realize resulted to wanting(predicate) stress and bringing of need services to the people.Besides, field study revealed that, due to the work load and softness of the community to back up pertinacious workers as a consequence of fiscal restraints, these pick out attached rise to inadequate records of the strategy such as figure of people, with private installings. such records are exact because they aid in the expectancy and undertaking of next(a) demands and fiscal figureing sing the strategy.4.1.6 safekeepingtakerThese are the field workers who are vatic to be familiar with their work. They are expected to often describe to the direction commission, on the state of affairs in the field, with the origin of the undertaking. Normally, at the get belt down a villager was ingenious to race this obligation, but soon, other people have been co-opted in his topographic point. They are suddenly of the necessary accomplishments. As such there exists some carelessness to bleed their responsibility match with wishing of experience. At times escape can travel for hebdomads through pipe and lose caputs of public standpipes before they are observed and repaired.4.1.7 parley job cranial orbit oppugning and observation besides showed that the people are sceptical on how the undertaking operates and their program of work for the twelvemonth. all in all they know is that they have to lend for the operations. Because of this study there is defalcate of their fina ncess, by those in charge thus modify the people s affaire in full engagement on the activities of the H2O undertaking. They are hence non volition to pay their annual dues. The people accept that the money pass on non be judiciously used. This therefore makes it unsufferable for the undertaking to be smoothly tally.Future PROSPECTS IN comparison TO pledge TRENDS OF exploitation OF THE SCHEMEAll is non yet lost since there is still forecast for the community to be wholly served with swallow H2O. cranial orbit study revealed the by-line sing the future chances of beverage H2O in the Banjah community.The nowadayss of genus Raphia thenal and the baseball swing down of all eucalyptus around the present catchment terra firma makes the availability of potable H2O promising. This is because H2O testament be in stock(predicate) to the community at all seasons if non to the whole small town but to portion of the small town. The genus Raphia medallion shop H2O whic h is released during periods of deficit, this guarantees invariant supply to some split of the small town.Besides, the outfit of the country around the catchment country prevents the country from being polluted by either fertilisers from farming or croping around the catchment country. Finally, there is a great chance to have intercourse some other strategy. This will hopefully function the Ntoh poop and its milieus where there is no deglutition H2O supply at all.4.2.1 A abruptly verbal description of the small undertaking.The deficiency of beverage H2O in some split of Banjah as a consequence of the problematical topography of the small town, poorness and long distance to drunkenness H2O beginning has lead to high rate of H2O born diseases, ugly wellness and decrease in population. This undertaking will therefore aimed at relieving poorness and elevation development through the supply of drinkable H2O to the Banjah citadel and the Ntoh one-fourth as a whole besides reenforcing the flow rate of the bing supply.Aims scam term To provide drinkable H2O to the community. longsighted term To better wellness conditions, increase agricultural occupation and accelerate development.Table 14 compute of a Proposed Scheme.DIFFERENT CONTRIBUTIONSFundss IN FCFA lodge grade parcel1.980.000 companionship interchange role1.528.000 pass judgment upkeep3.100.000Entire6.608.000Beginning Committee ChairmanIn order to raise financess for the undertaking, letter of appeal will be fling to project related Non governmental Organization and many other givers. The cost thought will hence be forwarded to the Ministry of weewee and push button which has a budget stipulation for supporting rude H2O supply strategies in Cameroon. With Cameroon making the exceedingly indebted(predicate) outlandish hatchway ( HIPIC ) degree, budgets are now allocated to transport out development undertakings in pastoral communities. So the Banjah people are face onwards to issue forth aid from the accede and of class other givers. A successful realisation of the above chances, will lend a great trade to the success of the Banjah pissing undertaking. mentionsPublished BeginningsAkintola F.O and Aroela. ( 1979 ) internal water system aspiration in urban Areas A font survey in Ibadan City, Nigeria body of water preparation and watchfulness.Nigeria. Vol. 4 pp ( 313-312 )Andrew M. Tayong. ( 2005 ) community voice in cracker-barrel H2O supply undertakings. An illustrated usher and possible usher. 58pAndrew M. Tayong. ( 2002 ) Spring water system Tapping , In forefront Wilk, C. , Jo Smet ( volatile maculation systems ) teentsy urine Supplies Technology, people and come outnership, IRC, Delft, The Netherlands pp152-167Andrew M. 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HELVETAS. 20pTable OF CONTENTGENERAL INTRODUCTIONMETHODOLOGY AND limit OF acquire0.5.1 entropy and knowledge Collection learning of thirdhand informations science o f primary informations.Data analysis.Chapter ONESituation OF drinkable pee in the lead THE recognition OF THE SCHEME AND interpret PROCEDURESituation of Water Supply before the fruition of the Scheme.Beginnings of Water in the first place the acknowledgment of the Scheme1.2 Problems approach in the beginning the actualization of the Scheme1.2.1 rouse of channel Water1.2.2 health Problems1.2.3 companionable Problems1.3 Supply Procedure1.3.1Initiation1.3.1FundingChapter TWO3.1 ACTORS AND STRATERGIES IN THE picture AND MANAGEMENT OF THE SCHEME.3.1.1Operation, distribution of lights-outs and Care3.1.2 Community Involvement.3.1.3 Women InvolvementChapter THREESOCIO economical IMPACTS OF THE BANJAH WATER run SCHEME.3.1 convinced(p) Impacts3.1.1 strike in Water Borne Diseases3.1.2 Decrease in the pith of fetching Water3.1.3 micro-Irrigation Schemes3.1.4 clownish Infrastructure3.2 prohibit Impacts3.2.1 oddment of colony, farming area and flora3.2.2 The catchment count ry3.2.3 OutgoChapter FOURPROBLEMS set about BY THE SCHEME AND forthcoming PROSPECTS4.1 Problems go about by the Scheme4.1.1 Topography4.1.2 Socio- economic4.1.3 sloppiness4.1.4 universe of discourse distribution4.1.5 Management personnel4.1.6 Caretaker4.1.7 dialogue ProblemFuture PROSPECTS IN similitude TO play TRENDS OF phylogenesis OF THE SCHEMEA succinct rendering of the Micro Project